Although some people think the concept of Sharia Law Islamic Banking system is ancient, modernized Islamic Banking has been operating for many decades around the world. Countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, UK, Singapore, Pakistan and Bahrain competitively run their Islamic banking side by side with modern commercial banks that are successful in their banking operations and are financially sustainable. However, Islamic Sharia micro financing services are new and rare in the Muslim world although these services can easily help marginalized people to become economic actors in the society and to address the issue of poverty. For example, Islamic Sharia Law Group micro lending initiative and implementation in Kandahar, Afghanistan during 1996-1997 was one of the innovations launched by the author, which was funded and supported by UHCR-Grameen Bank to encourage and upkeep small business development instead of providing only financial aid/relief to Afghan returnees. It was further hoped that the programme success in Afghanistan could lead to a breakthrough in attracting specialized international lending institutions in the overall reintegration process in a country which has long been promoted by UNHCR. The Afghan political leadership expressed their willingness to invite and support the programme in Kandahar in 1996. They confirmed their position indicating that the programme should be designed following Sharia Law. With the consent of the Political Authority (during 1996-1997), this microcredit project recovery strategy was within the Islamic Sharia principles along with the principles of Holy Quranic interpretations of interest. The project applied Sharia lending principles while implementing the project in Kandahar: (1) Modarebah i.e. profit sharing, (2) Bai-Muajjal (sales under deferred payment), (3) Combination of Modarebah and bai- Muajjal , (4) Murabaha (contract sale), (5) Use terms ‘service charge’, ‘administrative charge’ and hyperinflation recovery

The Barron’s World’s Best CEO list has been published each year since 2005. While there are numerous studies concerning the post-announcement share price reaction to firms included on the list, this is a definitive study that looks at the issue of CEO replacement following the announcement of the CEO to the list. This study determines that firms that do not change CEOs perform better; firms with CEOs with shorter tenures have lower returns than those with CEOs with a longer tenure; the reason for the replacement matters in terms of future performance with negative reasons such as performance and mergers yielding lower returns; inside successors produce higher returns than outside successors; and CEOs who appear on the list five or more times show significantly higher results.

The Convergence of location-aware devices, wireless communication, such as the increasing accuracy of GPS technology and geographic information system functionalities enables the deployment of new services such as location-based services (LBS). Achieve high quality or such services, spatio–temporal data mining techniques are needed. Our work concentrates on the development of data mining techniques for knowledge discovery and delivery in LBS. First, a number of real world spatio–temporal data sets are described, leading to a taxonomy of spatio–temporal data. Second, the paper describes a general methodology that transforms the spatio–temporal rule mining task to the traditional market basket analysis task and applies it to the described data sets, enabling traditional association rule mining methods to discover spatio–temporal rules for LBS. Finally, unique issues in spatio–temporal rule mining are identified and discussed.

The presented article examines the state of environmental politics in the Czech Republic, specifically the Moravia Region. This issue area is connected to more theoretical questions of how to understand the relationship between the environment and politics. Thus, after an analysis of the Czech environmental legislation, two related theoretical lenses are discussed: political ecology and environmental security. As will become clear from the discussion, the conceptual distinction which is relevant in this context is of the link between landscape and spatiality. What follows is an outline of an original synthesizing scheme with dimensions. The second part of the article uses the above insights to shed light on spatial landscape ecosystems in South Moravia region of the Czech Republic. In concrete terms, environmental targets and measures of regional environmental development are scrutinized. The article is summed up in the conclusion.

Background: Recent anatomical and electro-physiological studies demonstrated, that in the human atrioventricular node there are two main extension, rightward and leftward posterior nodal extension (LPNE). The occurrence of eccentric retrograde atrial activation has been demonstrated to be from 6 to 8% in patients with AVNRT by several previous reports. Objectives: The study was performed to confirm that standard right atrium ablation is effective and successful for atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) with eccentric retrograde left-sided activation, masquerading a tachycardia which look like as a tachycardia using left accessory pathway. Methods and Results: During a 7 years period (from 2002 to 2008), 865 consecutive patients underwent electrophysiological study. In the group with atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) there were 178 patients. In the group with typical fast-slow AVNRT (162 pts) there was concentric retrograde activation of the both atrium.

Over the past 12 years, an awareness of student characteristics has informed the design and interpretation of a series of research and evaluation studies in the Student Approaches to Learning (SAL) tradition. Instructors and developers of on-line learning objects have used the results to encourage active learning and implement better strategies. Addition of content learning items to the survey questions (along with evaluation questions and the 18-item ASSIST short form) made the questionnaire long enough to discourage completion. On some studies, two items ask about students’ conceptions of- and motivations for learning have served as proxies for Approach scores, because they can be interpreted in the context of previous research. Non-conventional ways of analyzing the data have evolved because approaches are not evenly distributed. Significance tests based on assumptions of treatment groups, each randomly sampled from a population, are not always appropriate in real course settings.

Boundary layer theory is considered to be the cornerstone of our knowledge about the fluid flow over a surface which not only describes some intriguing physical phenomena of fluid dynamics that were rather obscure before the year 1904 when Prandtl proposed the theory, but also pivotal in practical fields of engineering. The boundary layer which is known as the distance from the surface to a particular point perpendicular to the direction of flow where the flow velocity has retained 99% of the free stream velocity providing ‘no-slip’ condition at the surface i.e. zero velocity of flow at the surface; can be laminar or turbulent and there is a zone of ‘transition’ from laminar to turbulent depending on Reynolds number. In this paper the intriguing properties of laminar boundary layer such as development of velocity profile along the flow direction, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, shape factor, wall shear stress, friction coefficient, drag coefficient etc. for flow over a smooth flat plate of 1 meter are studied by exact solution of Blasius’s equationand ‘Momentum Equation Method ’using Finite Volume solution of Navier-Stokes equations.

This project presents some new contributions to the science evolution concerning the Electrical Engineering. The collaborations of this project have the task to disclosure key realities that point out benefits to human society, through the applications of Electricity and its teaching. Electricity has been latent in nature and human beings have discovered and developed its potential through millenniums. Electricity utilization by ancient civilizations in the beginnings, its basic knowledge development and applications, as well as the interconnection among Electricity’s shapes in nature are true examples of that and are covered in this project. Electrical Engineering fundamentals have been some keystones to state of art. The Electrical Engineering’s fundamentals are base for the state-of-the-art and the Electrical Engineering well endowed teaching has cooperated for a building-up of high level professional people.

The Various Numerical Methods are applied to solve the spatially varied unsteady flow equations (Kinematic Wave) in predicting the discharge, depth and velocity in a river. Solutions of Kinematic Wave equations through finite difference method (Crank Nicolson) and finite element method are developed for this study. The computer program is also developed in Lahey ED Developer and for graphical representation Tecplot 7 software is used. Finally some problems are solved to understand the method.

This survey uses the sample of total 14 listed firms of related medical industry in the Viet Nam economy and especially, the stock exchange which has been affected by the global crisis during the period 2007-2011. Specifically, we perform the risk re-analysis and estimation for the listed firms in Medicine, Medical equipment and Human resource industries. First of all, using quantitative and analytical methods to estimate asset and equity beta values of three (3) groups of sub-medical listed companies in Viet Nam Medicine, Medical equipment and Human resource industries with a suitable traditional model, we found out that the beta values, in general, for most companies are acceptable, excluding a few cases. There are 57% and 71% of listed firms with lower risk, among total 14 firms, whose beta values lower than (<) 1, which is measured by equity and asset beta, accordingly. Second, through comparison of beta values among three (3) above industries, we recognized there are still 21% and 7% of total listed firms in the above group companies with beta values higher than (>) 1 and have stock returns fluctuating more than the market index, indicated by equity and asset beta, accordingly. Ultimately, this paper generates some outcomes that could provides both internal and external investors, financial institutions, companies and government more evidence in establishing their policies in investments and in governance.