The language skill ‘reading’ still constitutes the centre of controversies in education. Researchers in the field of reading seem to be escaping from the limitations of the concrete stage of thought and to be looking beyond the physical attributes of the reading situation. Since reading comprehension courses aim at developing students’ abilities to use and read English efficiently, students need knowledge of how English is used in academic writing, namely knowledge of the grammatical structure and vocabulary of the language to enable them to make use of these features of language in the presentation of information. In short, students should learn in reading comprehension courses how language organizes information in written passages. This paper discusses some significant unsolved problems in reading comprehension. The underlying study provides an overview of a variety of opinions in the field of reading on the nature of the reading process, and a review of some of the problems involved in the development of reading.

The domestic goat (Capra hircus) is significant throughout the world today, fulfilling a number of needs of various cultural groups. Feeding value of treated soybean cake and urea to goats is not evaluated so far. Therefore, a study was carried out on growing female Khari and Jamunapari and Barberi crosses at Agriculture Research Station (Goat), Bandipur, Tanahun. Twelve female kids (4 – Khari, 4 – Jamunapari cross and 4- Barberi cross) just after weaning of age five months with average body weight of 10.08 kg were selected for experiment (150 days) and were divided into two groups having six animals ( 2 animals of each breed) in each group by using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Two types of concentrate mixture (urea and treated soybean cake incorporated) were formulated with 16% of crude protein content. Dry matter requirement was taken @ 4 kg per 100 kg body weight. All experimental animals were drenched with Fenbendazole @ 5 mg/kg body weight against internal parasites before assigning in experiment. Concentrate mixture was provided to the experimental animals individually @ 1.5% of body weight in plastic vassal once a day in the morning whereas adlib amount of fodder were provided twice a day ingroup (morning and evening). Quantity of concentrate mixture and fodder given daily to the animals was weighed daily and refusal was weighed in next morning. Experimental animal had free access to drinking. Total feed intake by the goats was recorded daily for all experimental periods. The body weight gain of individual animals was measured fortnightly in the morning before feeding. Experiment revealed that average daily intake of concentrate mixture was higher (236.1g) in treated soybean cake incorporated concentrate mixture fed group (T1) than urea incorporated group (215.2 g) (T2) whereas fodder intake was higher in T2 (5.62 kg) than T1 (4.53 kg). Feed intake was no significant between groups and fodder intake differed significantly (P<0.001) between groups. Fe

Presents increasing demand of rates in any digital communication system that excites the research idea of scheduling channel access methodology so as to results in maximizing the sum rate. The reduction in feedback messages for channel state information provides great savings in channel bandwidth for multiuser switched diversity scheduling systems. The present proposed work demonstrates that maximization of sum capacity can be achieved using optimization of per user threshold rate along with some prior estimation of channel state information.The results shown in higher achievable rate. Furthermore the proposed novel multiuser switched diversity MUSD system also achieves proportional fairness criteria along with decentralization of optimization threshold channel.

The present study aimed at using Using fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) In a SWOT Analysis. On the other hand, In this research we tried to use of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis which is one of the most famous table technique in strategic planning process in identify strategic factors of organization and by discovering and identifying those factors, the organization can be build strategies that in SWOT are referred to as SO, ST, WO and WT strategies. According to internal dependencies existed in most parts of strategic planning, therefore it was necessary to employ a technique which allowed us to measure its dependencies. In many of decision problems was desirable that relations among factors could be imagin as like as reality word. The ANP powerful instrument with fuzzy phase got to allow modeling SWOT analysis to planners organization. This research was done in 2011, in Notash Afra Co. which works in the field of installation of water and energy projects in Tehran. The present research in terms of purpose was an applied research; it was also considered as a descriptive research. In this research for determining importance weight, fuzzy analytic network process was used. The used fuzzy method was Chang’s extent analysis method (EA). Excel software had been used in calculations for analytic network process through using extent analysis method for determination of importance weights and MATLAB software had been used for reaching final results. Research results showed that when dependence exists among SWOT factors, this dependence could change weight and priority of strategy alternative and eventually WO strategy with the final weight of 0.317 was selected as the best strategy.

Background and Objective: In Nepal, gastrointestinal helminthiases are endemic in indigenous people living in low laying areas of the country. However, little is known regarding the role of different socio-economic indicators on helminth infections in these communities. The main aim of this study is to identify the relationship between socio-economic factors and helminth infection in an indigenous community in Nepal. Method: A cross sectional survey was conducted in the Gaindakot Village Development committee, Nepal in July to August 2010. Total of 137 people of 10-60 years of age provided faecal samples for parasitology and answered a questionnaire on indicators of their socio-economic conditions. Result: Overall 54.0% of individuals were positive for helminth infection. The higher (74.3%, 69.6%, 57.8%, 56.9% and 63.6%) infection rate was found in the people worked as a laborer, without sanitation, inadequate water source, living in a mudded house and sharing house with animals respectively. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) except water use and house type.

Introduction: Needle sticks and sharp injuries (NSSIs) have been recognized as one of the occupational hazards among health care workers. Occupational exposures to percutaneous injuries are substantial source of infections with blood borne pathogens among health care workers. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with needle stick and sharps injuries among health care workers. Methods: An institutional based cross sectional study design was conducted among health care workers who are working at least one year in east gojjam zone health institutions. A total of 449 study subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique through lottery method and included in the study. Data was collected using pretested Amharic version questionnaire through self administered interview of study subjects. To maintain the quality of data, pretesting, use of local language and supervision of data collection process was done. The collected data was cleaned, entered and analyzed using SPSS version 17 statistical software.

This study discusses the differences between the Turkish and English tourism brochures from linguistic point of view. It has been seen that the brochures as tourist-information texts require a language of tourism with some specialised vocabulary, and grammatical rules in an appropriately given discourse of two cultures, Turkish and English. Corpus studies should be conducted to help the development of tourism sector.

A study was conducted in Mauma Kharka, Olang Chung Gola VDC of Taplejung district, Nepal during June, 2010 to November, 2010 to determine the status of available herbage mass at transhumance system. Accordingly, herbage biomass estimation was done in three different slope categories using RCB design (<4%- plain category; 5-10% gentle slope, and 11-16% steep slope), each replicated for five times. The total fresh and dry weight of herbage mass Was estimated three times (July, August and September), taking 90 days growth period along with the botanical composition. The sample from each slope category harvested during July was also analyzed to determine CP, ether extract, NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose, hemicelluloses and total ash. Results showed that the proportion of forbs were highest (60%), whereas cyperoids and grasses were similar and lower in proportion at each slope categories. The total dried herbage mass was statistically similar (p>0.05) along the three slope categories, with the mean dried weight 1.8 t/ha, 3.6 t/ha, and 2.6 t/ha for July, August, and September, respectively

Atherosclerosis(AS) is one of the most common disease sleading tosevere clinical complications. Atherosclerosis forms pockets of fat and lipid deposit sunder the mucous tunic of blood vessels, which cause progressive vasoconstriction until total luminal blockage occurs. 1Many "Civilization diseases" such as coronary artery disease (CAD), arterial hypertension (AH), diabetes mellitus (DM), psoriasis, gout, and such conditions as hyper lipidemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercortisolemia, hyperuricemia, and microalbuminuria are connected with AS development. In these regards, the problem of developing a proven clinical solution for this prevalent disease process is a socially significant one.1,2 During the last 20 years, ASmorbidity has been globally increasing.2,3 Mortality from AS complications, which account for 75-85% of general mortalityinwhole,4 is simultaneously increasing.Thus AS is one of the global problems of conventional medicine.

Understanding the definition and meaning of HIV/AIDS have implications not only for HIV/AIDS research, clinical practices but also the overall impact on mortality. The definitions of HIV/AIDS have changed in addition to the concepts and terminology associated with when talking about the history of HIV/AIDS. Previous study utilized World Health Organization (WHO)case definition of HIV/AIDS in predicting the relative effectiveness of HIV among individuals with tuberculosis (Kennedy, Campbell and Malinda, 2004).Their findings suggest that WHO case definitions significantly predicted HIV/AIDS among TBpositive HIV-positive participants compared to TB positive and HIV-negative participants(Kennedy, Campbell and Malinda 2004). Previous studies also indicate that WHO (1986) case definitions of HIV/AIDS, although well developed and assessed its uses were prevented by the proliferation of counseling and HIVtesting centers, particularly in the developing countries (Harries 1990; Lipson at al. 1995).