An ad-hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes, which communicate over radio. These networks have an important advantage; they do not require any existing infrastructure or central administration. Therefore, mobile ad-hoc networks are suitable for temporary communication links. This flexibility, however, comes at a price: communication is difficult to organize due to frequent topology changes. Routing in such networks can be viewed as a distributed optimization problem. A new class of algorithms, inspired by swarm intelligence, is currently being developed that can potentially solve numerous problems of modern communications networks. These algorithms rely on the interaction of a multitude of simultaneously interacting agents. A survey of few such algorithms for ad hoc networks is presented here.

Maize is third most important cereal crop in Pakistan after wheat and rice. Experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during Kharif 2007 to study the different weed control technique in maize. The treatments were wheat straw, saw dust, polyethylene (white), polyethylene (black), newspaper, Primextra Gold 720SC, hand weeding and weedy check. The effect of all these treatments were studied on weed density (m- 2), fresh weed biomass (g m-2), leaf area (cm2) and cob length (cm). Primextra Gold 720SC and polyethylene (black) giving only (6.5) and (20.0) weeds respectively, as compared to (110.8) weeds m-2 in weedy check plots. Maximum leaf area of 561.23 and Primextra Gold 720SC and polyethylene (black) treated plots respectively. The minimum (464.34 cm2) leaf area was recorded in weedy check plots.

Some scholars have argued that the activities of Oil companies (TNCs) have improved or destroyed the livelihood condition of host communities. In line with this debate, this paper examined the thrust of Corporate Social Responsibility as a core value for community engagement interface on oil exploration activity. We argued that lack of genuine community engagement interface by the TNCs in oil activities is the major problem of Niger Delta crisis. The CSR of SPDC value would be used to examine Oil companies’- community engagement interface. The study deplored the interview methods and secondary data for our analysis. The findings are that lack of genuine and transparent engagement strategy by SPDC in the oil exploration activity has resulted to the destruction of the ecosystem as well as livelihood strategy of the host communities. The host communities therefore, experience oil spill, hardship, famine, drought, unemployment, malnutrition, alienation from their land, inter and intra communal conflict and displacement of persons. This is the major agitation in Niger Delta and the sudden closure and/or disruptions of Shell activities in the region. And until the thrust of SPDC- CSR is realigned on the path of honesty and transparency, oil exploration would continue to have serious challenges.

The study investigated the relationship between undergraduate students’ perception of Art course contents, behavioural outcomes and entrepreneurial skills among undergraduate students in the two universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study involved 74 students accidentally selected from the faculty of arts. Ex-post facto design was used for the study. A well validated instrument, students’ opinion questionnaire was used for data collection. The reliability of the studies was ascertained using Cronbatch Alpha Correlation Co-efficient. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient was used for data analysis. The .05 level of significant was used to statistically test each hypothesis. The result showed a statistically significant relationship between undergraduate students’ perception of Art course content curriculum outcomes and entrepreneurial skills. The study recommended among other things, that tertiary school curriculum should be made in such a way as to inculcate and reflect the hopes and aspirations of the society and objectives should be stated in behavioural terms.

The object of the present paper is to derive the sufficient conditions for certain subclasses of p-valent analytic functions in the open unit disk. A number of known results would follow upon specializing the parameters involved in our main results. Also, sufficient conditions are found for function to be univalent

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very attractive digital transmission method developed to meet the increasing demand for higher data rates in communications which can be used in both wired and wireless environments. OFDM consist of large number of independent subcarriers, as a result of which the amplitude of such a signal can have high peak values. High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals is one of the major drawbacks of OFDM. Several approaches exist to reduce PAPR of OFDM symbols. Precoding is a new method which is having less complexity compared to the other power reduction techniques and also it can reduce PAPR considerably and results in no distortion. In this paper, a combination of clipping and precoding technique is proposed to reduce PAPR. The reduction in PAPR of the OFDM signal is obtained through Discrete Cosine Transform-II (DCT) combined with clipping algorithm. The obtained results show that this precoding scheme is an attractive solution to the PAPR problem of OFDM signals. The proposed technique gives good result because the PAPR of precoded clipped signal would be less than that of single precoded signal.

During the past half century, the Punjab State achieved exemplary growth in food-grain production. The fast shift in area from traditional diversified crops to monoculture of rice-wheat system was driven by forces such as price policy, technological change, market infrastructure and low cost of irrigation. But due to over exploitation of water resource, the sustainability of existing crop systems is becoming doubtful, creating critical second generation problem. This requires separate treatments in three distinct agro-climatic regions of the state. The semi-hilly tracts, comprising about 10% area, requires check dams against fast water run-off, cultivation across the slope and crops using less water such as maize, groundnut, pulses etc. The potential cotton belt, forming one-fourth area, has brackish groundwater which needs to be used in conjunction with canal water; and the paddy crop in the area should be strictly discouraged. The fast receding water table in the central food security belt of the country is attributed to spreading rice cultivation. This demands policies of suitable water pricing; setting up tension-meters to monitor water requirements; laser leveling fields; keeping plot size smaller; genetic improvement of rice by developing short duration and late sown varieties; direct seeding of rice; encouraging sprinkler and drip irrigation; mulching with abundant quantities of crop residues and various other such agronomic practices.

Wireless mobile ad-hoc networks are classified as ad-hoc networks with logical connections. These types of networks do not have fixed topology (or physical connections) due to the mobility property of nodes, interference, propagation and loss of path. Because of all these problems the path established between sources to destination is not reliable and efficient path. Hence a dynamic source routing protocol is required for these networks to working properly. Data transfer using this protocol based on shorted path, all packets need to be transferred using same path. The researcher on MANET proposed many Routing algorithms to this task. The main idea of this paper is to study, understand, and analyze the problems with existing routing methods. In the proposed multi path dynamic routing, first identify multi paths exist between source to destination and select best shortest path and then data is segmented into packets, each packet is transferred to receiver using selected best shortest path. At receiver end received data need to be rearranged. Finally the performance proposed system is compared with existing methods and proposed method shows better performance when compared with existing methods.

This paper is devoted to the study of a pathway fractional integral operator associated with the pathway model and pathway probability density for the ℵ- function and a generalized polynomial in the kernel. By specializing the coefficients and various parameters in the generalized polynomials and ℵ- function, our main theorem would readily yield several interesting results.

Using the GMM estimator technique described by Blundell and Bond (1998), this paper tend to identify factors explaining Tunisian bank performance. Retaining the main 10 commercial Tunisian banks during the 1998 to 2011 period, we look at whether, for banks operating in similar macro-economic and financial structure environments, one can make judgments concerning the success of their competitive strategies and other managerial procedure by using different profitability measures. Our investigation includes bank-specific as well as industry-specific and macroeconomic factors affecting bank performance. The empirical results reveal a high degree of persistence of bank performance. By the other hand, our findings suggest that the bank capitalization, as well as the best managerial efficiency, have a positive and significant effect on the bank performance. Private owned banks seem to be more profitable than state owned ones. That’s why, privatizing state-owned Tunisian banks is recommended in order to improve their performance. Industry-specific factors, as the concentration and that of the system bank size have a negative and a significant effect on performance. As for the impact of the macroeconomic indicators, we conclude overall that the variables do not have a significant effect on bank performance. However Inflation seems to affect negatively bank’s net interest margin.