There is a clear indication that politics in Nigeria has been the opposite of what it is in the developed countries. African politicians are still backward in terms of their values such as unfulfilled promises, political corruption, greed, violence, tribalism and intimidation. The premise of this study is on how corruption impacts on the development of Nigeria and Africa in general. Corruption is said to manifest through fraud, embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds, inflation of contracts, sexual harassment, bribery and others. Corruption is also seen to be caused by misplaced sense of values, lack of accountability and transparency in government, greed, discrimination in wealth distribution and others. There is noticeable negative impact of corruption on the social, political and economic life of Nigerians resulting in political instability, erosion of cherished cultural values, economic distortion and underdevelopment. The paper proffers ways of controlling corruption to include, behaviuor modification, transparency in governance, political will and sustainability of democracy. The study is of the view that with diligent implementation of its recommendations Africans can enjoy dividends of democracy and develop.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the determinants of income smoothing in Tunis, which is to reduce the volatility of results. From a sample of 50 companies listed on the stock exchange of Tunis (Tunis Stock Exchange) during the period 2006-2010. We have developed an explanatory model of earnings management practices based on logistic regression. Our results show that the use of debt companies, calling the companies audited by a firm of "big six" provides a smoothing of results high. In the end, this original work of Tunisian data led to very carefully reinterpret the results of previous studies.

A mobilead hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less, decentralized multi-hop network where the mobile nodes are free to move randomly, these making the network topology dynamic. MANET routing protocols show different performance in different mobile network scenarios. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the characteristics/behavior of ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR)protocols. The analysis of these protocols has been done using NS-2.

The investigation throughout the world in past two decades provides evidence which indicates that significance variation of radon and other soil gases may occur in association with major geophysical events such as earthquake events. The traditional statistical algorithm which included regression to remove the effect of the meteorological parameters from the as is measured radon along with additional variation that periodicity in seasonal variations is computed using Fast Fourier Transform has shown to improve reliability of prediction of earthquake The present paper deals with the use of neural network algorithms which can learn the behavior of radon with respect to known meteorological parameters. This method has potential of tracking “changing patterns” in dependence of radon on meteorological parameters and it may adapt to such changes on its own in due course of time. Another neural network algorithm using Probabilistic Neural Networks that requires neither an explicit step of regression nor use of any specific period is also presented.

The insecurity challenge in Nigeria has assumed a formidable dimension that not only requires a multistakeholder approach, as it is being touted in various quarters, in quelling this conflagration threatening Nigeria’s statehood, but also necessitates a revival and reinforcement of moral values and virtues. The thirst for blood and the preference for violence in expressing pent-up frustration and disenchantment with the state, its citizens and national totems may be a pointer to the need to revive moral values and virtues within the socioeconomic, political, religious and educational institutions in the country. Nigerian leaders, politicians and their amen corners must be forced to evince and uphold moral values and virtues in all their conduct in order to lead by example and to avoid heating up the polity unnecessarily by their conducts and comments which sometimes incite violence in their followers.

Global supermarket food products sales are predicted to generate revenue in excess of $1.70 trillion by 2015, according to research from Global Industry Analysts. Market growth has been driven by the rising importance of consumerism. Since supermarkets first appeared in the US, they have been rolled out all over the globe, with supermarket chains securing their place at the top of the world’s retail chain. Due to the effects of the economic recession, the number of consumer visits to supermarkets has fallen over recent years. Currently the UK is undergoing a sustained period of retail growth, with the high level of consumer confidence witnessed in previous years holding up. However, this situation is fragile and could change rapidly. Slower earnings, coupled with speculation about changes in interest rates and job insecurity could affect the rate of growth. Consequently retailers will suffer from even a minor economic downturn as profit margins have already been cut to sustain levels of sales. Overall, however, it is apparent that many retailers are committed to expansion with many new sites due to open over the next few years. India, with its large, young, and growing population, presents an attractive target for expanding supermarket chains, especially from other less-developed countries. India is attractive to foreign retailers demographically and perhaps economically. Even the local marketers in the developing countries are renovating their traditional shops into a modern supermarket. With this regards an attempt has been made to understand the financial performance of supermarkets (both traditional & organized) in different cities across Karnataka. Various financial ratios were worked out for the year and presented in this paper.

Health and nutritional status of an individual depends on the food he eats. Man needs a wide range of nutrients to lead a healthy and active life and these are derived through the diet they consume daily. Good nutrition is a basic component of health. This paper deals with the utility of various anthropometric cut-off points in the evaluation of nutritional & Health status. Total 616 subjects studied from 201 household of the five villages of Baigachak area. Anthropometric measurements taken were height and weight. Dietary data was collected using 24hr recall method. The extent of malnutrition for preschool children was assessed by SD classification and the nutritional status of adults was assessed by BMI classification. Results: About 58.6% of the pre-school children were under weight (moderate to severe) out of them 23.2% children were severely under weight. Stunting and wasting were seen in 42.2% and 36.2% children respectively. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (BMI<18.5) was about 78% among adult population. Consumption of cereals was higher than recommended level (460gm), while the consumption of other foodstuff was lower than the RDA. Conclusion: The intake of all nutrients except calcium was significantly lower than recommended level. It is suggested that the overall socio-economic development should be accelerated in order to improve the health and nutritional status of Bhumia Tribe.

Traditional knowledge is a form of continuation of the inherited knowledge of a race from its forefathers. This traditional knowledge represents a holistic understanding of an indigenous society towards its day-to-day practices and environment, based on their life experiences, interacting with nature over a span of countless centuries. The bulk of this traditional knowle-dge has been adapted by means of traditional songs, stories, legends, dreams, and also other methods and living practices of the indigenous societies. At times, it is translated in the form of customs that are inherited from father to son or from mother to daughter. This knowledge is disseminated first-hand from one individual to another. Indigenous societies are citizens in free countries who are considered as natives, who have their ancestry from inhabitants who had been residing in a certain country or geographical region of an indepen-dent country, at the time of colonial conquest.

TThe main focal point of this study is to categories the reasons of Bullwhip Effect by fishbone diagram and tries to reduce bullwhip phenomenon. Three steps are followed here to resolve bullwhip effect. First, identify the causes. Fishbone diagram helps to classify the core reasons of it. The second part is to analyze the causes and discuss the effect of these causes and try to recommend some probable solutions. The third and last part is to observe the practical situation of bullwhip effect. Here, a case study is to be studied and apply the following solution of this supply chain system and observe how these solutions resolve the bullwhip phenomenon.

In this paper we discuss (1,2) - domination in some harmonious graphs namely ladder graph, wheel graph and tetrahedral graph.