This paper presents a one-cycle-average (OCA) discrete-time model for PWM switched dc-dc converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The closed-loop system is considered in the presence of circuit parasitic. This model provides the exact OCA values of the output voltage and inductor current considering the conduction losses in the switching stage components. It also provides the exact discrete-time mathematical representation of the average values of other internal signals with little increase in simulation time. It is compared to some existing averaged models in terms of accuracy and speed through simulation results of boost converter.

Osteoporosis (pronounced as ahsteoporosis) is characterized by low bone mass with micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhance bone fragility, thus increasing the susceptibility to fracture. Although exact numbers are not available, based on available data and clinical experience, 25 million Indians may be affected. Osteoporotic fractures in India occur in both sexes but are more common in females. It may occur at a younger age in India than in the West. The pharmacological interventions are expensive with limited or no cure promise, and the peak bone mass of the population can be increased significantly by appropriate and timely intervention in children. So, the public health measures that are efficacious, safe and cost-effective, must be adopted for the population at large. This calls the attention of the physicians of all the systems of medicine including Greek-o-Arabic (unani) system. Although, there is no description of osteoporosis in Greek-o-Arabic (unani) classical literature yet, the debility of body organs including bones is widely discussed. It is generally said that ‘prevention is better than cure’, so a specific prevention plan must be structured as per Greek-o-Arabic norms. Nevertheless, before making the prevention plan one must understand the Greek-o-Arabic etiopathology of the disease. Therefore, this work is an attempt to understand the underlying causes and risk factors of osteoporosis, and to construct a mighty prevention plan. To keep the Greek-o-Arabic spirit alive, the typical Greek-o-Arabic terms are not translated into English.

This study reports on a multi-year capacity building research partnership between the Center for Child and Community Development, a Guatemalan non-profit and public schools in State of Sacatepéquez in Guatemala. We explore finding from phase 1 of the research involving a survey study and capacity building activities with 39 elementary school teachers. The surveys examined (a) teacher professional develop-ment, (b) instructional strategies, (c) resources needed, and (d) parent/community involvement. The findings suggest that socio-economic differences, levels of teacher preparation, linguistic and cultural issues are the key points of leverage that need to be addressed through capacity building activities for Guatemalan educators. The findings also provide contextual evidence for future program planning and curriculum implementation across public schools in rural and urban areas.

This paper presents a brief overview about the design, benefits, risk, and environmental impact of a sea wave power plant. The intention of this accomplishment is to serve society without hampering environmental ecology. This task is based on the renewable sea wave energy. Burning fossil fuel causes global warming. Again wastes of nuclear power plant are very hazardous. Accident of this plant yields great turn of human lives. The power generation from sea wave has growth a huge potentiality. The price of fossil fuel is rising day by day because of its scarcity in nature. As the operating cost of sea wave power plant is low and uses a renewable source of energy, it is possible to produce power at low price. Existing hydrostatic power plant needs dam. This is very harmful for environmental ecology and lives diversity. But this proposed plant does not require any dam or any other hazardous construction and this also reduces the installation cost. However it is reliable, sustainable, environmentally friendly power extraction procedure from sea wave.

The following paper aims to inform the readers about various hazardous wastes like solid waste, liquid waste and air pollutant generated in lead acid battery industries, harmful effects of those wastes and necessary treatment needed to neutralize those hazardous wastes. Efficient methods of neutralizing those hazardous wastes to reduce the harmful effects on both human and nature are shown here. Considering ISO 14001:2004 some treatment plants like effluent treatment plant (ETP), air treatment plant (ATP), and Fume Neutralizer Plant are essential for neutralizing those hazardous wastes. The performance of those treatment plants are evaluated by checking out important parameters like PH, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides and other heavy metals. Here the limits of those parameters of effluent both before treatment and after treatment are shown and finally some recommendations about waste management are given in the conclusion section.

Grid computing provides a way to execute applications over autonomous, distributed and heterogeneous nodes. The main goal of grid technology is to allow sharing of resources and services under a set of rules and policies, which govern the conditions for access to the resources. This paper reviews the state of security and access control for resources in grid environment and presents a secured model for resource access in grid environment.

Background: GABHS infections and their sequelae Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease have a worldwide distribution and pose an important health problem. In developing countries it remains as an endemic disease. Objectives: The study is aimed to estimate prevalence and factors associated with the same among school children aged 6–12years. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was carried out from February to July 2010, in the diagnostic laboratory of Microbiology department. The study group was divided into four groups, namely, Group A; Group B; Group C; and Group D. A total of 1769 eligible children were enrolled for sampling of these schools. For each enrolled child in the study, a standard culture and antibiogram test with the Lancefield grouping technique was done in the assessment of the outcome. Results: Among 1769 participants, 1029 (58.2%) were boys and 740 (41.8%) were girls. The overall prevalence of GABHS was estimated 27.9%. Group A 35.62%, Group B 37.5%, Group C 34.8%, and Group D 23.7%. Higher prevalence was found in 6-10 years aged; the prevalence percentage declined with increase in age and showed lowest prevalence in subjects above 10 years of age. The prevalence was higher in boys as compared with girls. The sensitivity was highest for vancomycin 100% and the resistance was highest for amoxicillin 79.1%. Conclusions: The study confirmed that the prevalence of GABHS is 27.9%. Overall prevalence shows an endemic situation. Therefore, it is recommended that local health sectors should make provision for regular screening and prophylaxis.

Security of the information in the computer networks has been one of the most important research area. To preserve the secure condition it is essential to be aware of the behavior of the incoming data. Network Security is becoming an important issue for all the organizations, and with the increase in knowledge of hackers and intruders they have made many successful attempts to bring down high-pro le company networks and web service. The technology of artificial intelligence breaks a new way in the area of network security. Ant-colony optimization algorithm is an evolutionary learning algorithm which could be applied to solve the complex problems. Applying the idea of ant colony optimization into network vulnerability detection and enhancing security can improve the performance of network security management. This paper attempts to apply ACO Algorithm to find out vulnerabilities in the network and ensure its security.

Enhancing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks had baffled researchers for quite some time now. The authors of this research manuscript draw inspiration from the behavior of large elephant swarms and incorporate their behavior into wireless sensor networks. The complex elephant swarm behavior is incorporated using a cross layer approach. The elephant optimization discussed in this paper enables optimized routing techniques, adaptive radio link optimization and balanced scheduling to achieve a cumulative enhanced network performance. The proposed elephant swarm optimization is compared with the popular protocol. The experimental study presented proves that the Elephant Swarm Optimization technique enhances the network life time by about 73%.

A high voltage RF plasma source is designed to produce atmospheric pressure air plasma. The plasma is produced at different electrode configurations. Properties of such plasma depend on several parameters such as frequency of the plasma generating source, input power and gas flow rate. The produced plasma is characterized by different diagnostic techniques in order to determine gas temperature, electron temperature, and electron density. It is desired to find out applications of such atmospheric pressure air plasma in food processing, surface modification, and material processing. One of the most fascinating applications of atmospheric pressure plasmas is its use for biomedical applications because of its capability of producing various biocidal agents including reactive species, UV radiation, and charged particles [1].