Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is most commonprimary tumour of kidney in adult, responsible for (80-85%) of renal tumour(1). Due to ultimately absence of studies in Sudan in assessing the pattern and presentation of RCC, we conducted this study in Gezira Hospital for renal diseases and Surgery, in period from January 2006- January 2012. Objective: To determine the clinical presentation, pathological pattern and stages of RCC in patients who treated in (GHRS). Results: A total of 60 patients were diagnosed to have RCC in duration of 5 years. The disease is more common in male, with peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades. Incidentally diagnosed are 6 patients. Classical triad observed in 19patients .Mean duration of symptoms was 4 months. Some patients had metastasis in the lung, bones or liver when diagnosed. Most of the patients presented with loin mass, small number with cervical lymphadenopathy, lower limb edema or non reduciblevaricocele

The purpose of this study is to investigate important firm-level determinants of capital structure on Ethiopian insurance companies. The study employs panel regression model. The results show that growth, profitability and age of the firm were found to have significant influence on Ethiopian insurance companies’ capital structure. Liquidity and business risk were also significant for long term debt and total debt ratio respectively. However, among the hypothesized capital structure determinants asset tangibility and size of the firm were found to have statistically insignificant contribution on capital structure of Ethiopian insurance companies.

This article introduces Multivariate Modified Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MMOEWMA) control chart, a chart for detecting shifts of all kinds in case of highly first order vector autoregressive VAR (1) process. This chart is based on modified MEWMA control chart statistic which is a correction of MEWMA chart statistic. The performance of MMOEWMA chart is illustrated along with MEWMA chart for a chemical process data. The average run length (ARL) properties of MMOEWMA scheme are derived using Markov Chain approach. Algorithm for the ARL computation and R-program of monitoring MMOEWMA control chart are provided.

Bangladesh is a developing country, it has probability to progress towards increasing the demand of energy .Now a day, Bangladesh is facing energy crisis. In Bangladesh, around 70% of people having lack accesses to electricity and most of them are living in the village. Among them about 40% of them are living in below poverty line. On the other hand climate change puts addition threats to development. To combat these situations, renewable energy technology stands out to be one of the prospective sources to meet its unprecedented energy demand and can contribute to achieve sustainable development as a country has a plentiful supply of renewable sources of energy. This paper investigates the prospect, trend, utilization and its technology as well as reviews the policy and institutions and opportunities of renewable energy technology towards sustainable development and climate change mitigation is context of Bangladesh.

Collection and trade of medicinal and aromatic plant species (MAPs) is age old practice throughout the world to increase household income. Over harvesting decreased their populations and a number of species became threatened in natural habitat. Survey was conducted on trade of such threatened MAPs from wild in Garhwal Himalaya (Uttarakhand), India. Information’s were collected on MAPs trade, channels involved and profit at each level of transaction. Even after ban on commercial exploitation of some MAPs, trade continued through illegal ways. Harvesting starts from July and continue till November. Further, harvesting prior to seed dispersal decreased chance of recruitment of new individual, due to which abundance of these species is decreasing with alarming rate. Total eighteen species are in active trade from study areas, out of which five are common for all sites. Number of MAPs traded from each site directly influenced by abundance of species in natural habitat. 18% of annual cash income generated from MAPs related activities in these areas. Market demand for Aconitum heterophyllum, Nardostachys jatamansi and Picrorhiza kurrooa is much higher than supply. Percentage of profit varied at each level from site to site and species. Traders earned maximum percentage of profits whereas collectors also received good profit, due to which they were engaged in illegal trade. Rotational harvesting may be applied for sustainable utilization. Agrotechnology has been developed for few MAPs, but incentive should be given to farmers to initiate cultivation of such species for ex situ conservation.

This paper presents off-line bangle character recognition system using automatic feature extraction and XOR operation. In this system, the Bangla text is accepted as an image file which is first segmented into lines and words and then each word is segmented into characters. The pixels outside the boundary of the character are eliminated. The characters are scaled to a size equal to the database image. A XOR operation is performed between the scaled image and the database image and the error (%) is calculated. Finally, depending on the minimum error, the system recognizes the character to use in the output. The average recognition accuracy rate of the system was about 80%.

Mobile ad hoc networks will aim to provide services to the wireless network without depending on any fixed infrastructure There are basically two approaches to motivate players: 1) by denying service to misbehaving players by means of a reputation mechanism or 2) by remunerating honest players, using for example a micropayment scheme. In these works, malicious players are modelled as never cooperative, without any further sophistication, since their main focus was discouraging selfish players. There is no degree of selfishness that can approximate the behaviour of malicious players. This work will focus on multi-attacker collusion in the regular/malicious player game. The Proposed System also model the regular/malicious player game as a multistage dynamic Bayesian signalling game to find the optimal strategy of regular and malicious players. Apart from that utility function, degree of selfishness of a player and degree of uncertainty are also considered.

The aquatic ecosystem is faced with the threat of biodiversity loss due to indiscriminate use of pesticides. Other than targeted pests, pesticides affect a wide range of non target organisms, such as invertebrates and fish inhabiting aquatic environment. The present study deals with the impact of endosulfan on histopathology of stomach of Channa punctatus Bloch. In the laboratory condition fishes are divided into control and experimental groups. The LC50 value of endosulfan for Channa punctatus Bloch. is calculated which is 0.0004ppm. For the experiment two concentrations are selected 0.0002ppm and 0.0004ppm and fishes are exposed for 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 96hrs. Fishes showed severe histological changes in Stomach. The degenerative changes included fused microvilli, the outer membrane of microvilli are broken, hemorrhage in the sub mucosa region, cells swelling, vacuoles are recorded in an increasing order towards the higher tested doses. This type of work can be helpful in understanding hazards of pesticides and pollution of pesticide by anthropogenic activity.

An experiment was conducted at the Horticultural garden of the Federal College of Agriculture Akure Ondo State Nigeria to investigate the effects of the types of stem cuttings and stem cutting lengths on the rooting and growth of Duranta repens in the nursery. Stem cuttings of the plant were subjected to different treatments; stem cutting types (softwood, semi hardwood and hardwood) and lengths (10 cm and 20 cm). The experiment was conducted under normal nursery conditions to determine the types of stem cutting and stem cutting lengths best for the rooting of the plant. The experimental design was a 3 x 2 factorial in complete randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The results revealed that the type and stem cutting length had effect on the rooting of D. repens. Percentage rooting was higher for hardwood cuttings irrespective of the length of cutting. Hardwood cutting of 20 cm length however, gave the best rooting followed by the semi hardwood of same length. Softwood cutting of length 10 cm and 20 cm gave the poorest result.

A study was conducted on a sample of 260 randomly selected farm households in Katumba ward, Rungwe district, Tanzania in 2009. Farm households were interviewed regarding maize grain moisture content at harvest, the effectiveness of maize drying methods in use the proportions of maize they normally lost to storage pests. The availability of biogas and its feasibility for maize drying prior to storage were investigated through studying the potential for the types of latrines used in the study area to accumulate biogas. Maize samples from a sub-sample of 130 farm households were collected at harvest and studied for moisture content using a moisture content tester. Another set of 130 maize samples were collected from the same sub-sample households after five months of maize grain storage and studied for insect infestation using the incubation method. Findings showed that farm households dried maize in the sun or in the roofs. Moisture content of maize at harvest was high, and the drying methods in use were inadequate to dry it fast and thoroughly, thus encouraging the infestation of maize by pests. Also, all of the farm households used latrines that have capacity to accumulate biogas. Thus it was concluded that the maize drying methods were not efficient, that the use of biogas for maize drying was feasible, and that the latter could be the most suitable grain drying technology for the climatic conditions in Rungwe district