We are comparing the performance of five algorithms of the face recognition i.e. HGPP, PCA, LDA, ICA and SVM. The basis of the comparison is the rate of accuracy of face recognition. These algorithms are employed on the ATT database and IFD database. We find that HGPP has the highest rate of accuracy of recognition when it is applied on the ATT database whereas LDA outperforms the all other algorithms when it is applied to IFD database.

The effect of erectile dysfunction potentially interferes with men’s self esteem, confidence, relationship, and overall sense of well being. The problem is increasing in all segments of the sexually active male population and affects both men and his partner. In younger man increase is attributed to substance abuse, such as recreation drugs and alcohol. Middle aged men are affected by medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, sexual diseases, organ transplant, coronary artery bypass surgeries and cancer, or the therapy of these problems. The older population is living longer, fuller lives and expects to remain sexually active, regardless of any existing medical conditions. Stress factors associated with modern life styles are affecting men of all ages and contribute greatly to the overall causes of erectile failure. Early identification, behavior modification and increased therapeutic options may improve patient’s outcome. By improving the knowledge and therapeutic options, it may be possible to identify patients at risk of erectile dysfunction and thus to lead a normal healthy life. The present study reveals that overall effect of Tila e Hadaf was found quite encouraging in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and significant improvement was observed in subjective parameters.

Extraction of object regions from complex background is a hard task and it is an essential part of image segmentation and recognition. Image segmentation denotes a process of dividing an image into different regions. Several segmentation approaches for images have been developed. Image segmentation plays a vital role in image analysis. According to several authors, segmentation terminates when the observer’s goal is satisfied. The very first problem of segmentation is that a unique general method still does not exist: depending on the application, algorithm performances vary. This paper studies the insect segmentation in complex background. The segmentation methodology on insect images consists of five steps. Firstly, the original image of RGB space is converted into Lab color space. In the second step ‘a’ component of Lab color space is extracted. Then segmentation by two-dimension OTSU of automatic threshold in ‘a-channel’ is performed. Based on the color segmentation result, and the texture differences between the background image and the required object, the object is extracted by the gray level co-occurrence matrix for texture segmentation. The algorithm was tested on dreamstime image database and the results prove to be satisfactory.

This paper deals with the analysis on images and image processing. It explains the types of images, operations performed on it, types of image formats and image processing principles, techniques, algorithms, compression methods and examples.

Whether formal teaching of grammar is necessary or not for teaching a second/foreign language is a debatable issue now. The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) which has been a buzz-word in the domain of language teaching pedagogies all over the world for the last few decades discourages overt grammar teaching. Like many other countries, in Bangladesh too, the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been introduced for English language teaching. But with the introduction of CLT, the quality of English language teaching and learning has remarkably deteriorated in the country. As a result, it is now important to investigate the substantiality of the principles of CLT with respect to overt grammar teaching, may it be from the theoretical perspective or from the contextual perspective. Based on this investigation, it is also required to determine what should be the proper position of overt grammar teaching in English Language Teaching (ELT) in Bangladesh. The present article has attempted to address all these points.

The hyperspectral image analysis technique, one of the most advanced remote sensing tools, has been used as a possible means of identifying from a single pixel or in the field of view of the sensor. An important problem in hyperspectral image processing is to decompose the mixed pixels into the information that contribute to the pixel, endmember, and a set of corresponding fractions of the spectral signature in the pixel, abundances, and this problem is known as un-mixing. The effectiveness of the hyperspectral image analysis technique used in this study lies in their ability to compare a pixel spectrum with the spectra of known pure vegetation, extracted from the spectral endmember selection procedures, including the reflectance calibration of Landsat ETM+ image using ENVI software, minimum noise fraction (MNF), pixel purity index (PPI), and n-dimensional visualization. The Endmember extraction is one of the most fundamental and crucial tasks in hyperspectral data exploitation, an ultimate goal of an endmember extraction algorithm is to find the purest form of spectrally distinct resource information of a scene. The endmember extraction tendency to the type of endmembers being derived, and the number of endmembers, estimated by an algorithm, with respect to the number of spectral bands, and the number of pixels being processed, also the required input data, and the kind of noise, if any, in the signal model surveying done. Results of the present study using the hyperspectral image analysis technique ascertain that Landsat ETM+ data can be used to generate valuable vegetative information for the District Vehari, Punjab Province, Pakistan.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are innovative large-scale wireless networks that consist of distributed, lowpower, small-size devices using sensors to cooperatively collect information through infrastructure less ad-hoc wireless network. These small devices used in wireless sensor nodes are called sensor nodes. They are envisioned to play an important role in a wide variety of areas ranging from critical military surveillance applications to forest fire monitoring and building security monitoring in the near future. In these networks, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed to monitor a vast field, where the operational conditions are most often harsh or even hostile. Since these networks are usually deployed in remote places and left unattended, they should be equipped with security mechanisms to defend against attacks such as node capture, physical tampering, eavesdropping, denial of service, etc. Unfortunately, traditional security mechanisms with high overhead are not feasible for resource constrained sensor nodes.

The research work is on; “The implications of capacity planning of infrastructural development in the Kogi State Higher institutions, “A study of selected higher institutions in Kogi East”. The objective of the study therefore, is to critically analyse the problems associated with shortages of infrastructural needs of the higher institutions in Kogi State occasioned by the inability on the part of both the government and management of these institutions to put in place a workable capacity planning structure. To carry out this study, the researcher used both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected through structured questionnaire administered through trained enumerator; while secondary data were collected from text books, journals and the internet. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The descriptive statistics used include frequency, mean and simple percentages. The research hypotheses were tested using the simple regression analysis, coefficient of determination, correlation coefficient, F-test, T-test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA).

It is an undisputable fact that the existing skewers we come across our various homes and roadsides are heavy and thus, are not easily carried around. Their source of heat which is charcoal is also a danger to the environment in that the process of even acquiring the charcoal promotes deforestation which is tantamount to global warming. The operator is exposed to unfriendly working conditions since the flow of heat cannot be easily controlled. The emission of smoke during operation on the larger skewers pollutes the environment and more importantly, can cause cancer of the respiratory systems. Ashes can be present in the products which can change their taste. Moreover, it is difficult to attain uniform heat distribution. It is by these observations that the initiation of the portable gas barbecue is designed. The primary objective is to provide a barbecue which is portable that is, can be moved from place to place with ease. This design seeks to eliminate the health hazards associated with the use of charcoal in the larger skewers as their source of heat. Notwithstanding, this design in reality would be a perfect substitute if not an alternative to the use of the larger skewers. Moreover, with its safe operating conditions, economical usage, faster cooking time rate, complete burning processes, environmentally friendly characteristics, uniform heat distribution and heat regulating abilities; the portable gas barbecue is not only the best alternative but also, an excellent substitute with regard to the existing local skewers.

One of the most recent techniques employed to estimate an optimal threshold of a gray level image for segmentation is ultrafuzzy measures. In this paper, we introduce relative fuzzy membership degree (RFMD) taking spatial correlation among the pixels in the image into account. We also propose a novel thresholding technique by combining two-dimensional histogram, which was determined by using the gray value of the pixels and the local average gray value of the pixels using ultrafuzziness and RFMD. Compared to fuzzy membership degree, RFMD of type-II fuzzy sets and ultrafuzzy measure is able to better segment critical gray level images. It was observed that the outcome is so encouraging in objective and subjective perspectives over the existing method for all varieties of images.