This paper presents a novel algorithm having two image processing systems that have the ability to compress the colour image. The proposed systems divides the colour image into RGB components, each component is selected to be divided. The division processes of the component into blocks are based on quad tree method. For each selection, the other two components are divided using the same blocks coordinates of the selected divided component. In the first system, every block has three minimum values and three difference values. While the other system, every block has three minimum values and one average difference. From experiments, it is found that the division according to the G component is the best giving good visual quality of the compressed images with appropriate compression ratios. It is also noticed, the performance of the second system is better than the first one. The obtained compression ratios ofthe second system are between 1.3379 and 5.0495 at threshold value 0.1, and between 2.3476 and 8.9713 at threshold value 0.2.

Proto-type Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) have been realized through a pilot stage fabrication run at the Micro-fabrication facility at Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay (IIT-B). Taking precedence from the fabrication run at IIT-B, commercial grade SDDs with on-chip low noise JFETs are being developed for low energy X-ray spectroscopy and position sensing applications using silicon bipolar technology available with Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL), Bangalore. This paper presents a detailed illustrative view on the design; fabrication and characterization of the SDDs & in-built JFETs fabricated at BEL. Traditionally, detectors are fabricated over high resistivity silicon substrates whereas JFETs are fabricated over low-resistivity silicon. To design a process for fabrication of both SDD and JFET over high resistivity silicon posed a sufficient technological challenge. Simulations in Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) proved helpful in arriving at optimum process parameter values for fabrication of SDDs and on-chip JFETs over the same high resistivity silicon substrate. SDDs & low noise JFETs fabricated at BEL were characterized to extract dc (I-V) performance parameters like total leakage current at anode, transconductance etc. These results formed precursors to fine-tuning the process for the next run aimed at achieving an even lower leakage current level.

Rooted in the £29 million Low Carbon Vehicle Technology Project (LCVTP), Coventry University has continued to conduct research into lightweight Body In White (BIW) design and lightweight crash structure development utilising structural optimisation for alternatively fuelled vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). This paper explains how a lightweight HEV front end crash structure has been developed, refined and validated using numerical analysis. This is based on structural optimisation results, benchmarking of similar sized vehicles and previous experience of crash structure development.

Introduction - Training is a tool used to empower people so that they are able to lead their own development, solve problems and to participate in meaningful debates of any field of learning. However, training transfer literature asserts that the successful transfer of learning to the workplace is often limited (Baldwin et al., 2009). This trend prevails despite heavy investments of finance, human resources, time and technology in employee training aimed at enhancing worker and organizational performance. There has been very low transfer of learning especially in the Agriculture where the adoption if moisture conservation innovations is very despite heavy investment in all capitals (Andersson and Giller, 2012, Twomlow et al, 2008, Zhou, 2008).This has posed a great challenge in the training of smallholder farmers on new innovations. There is need therefore to find ways of supporting the transfer and application of training for smallholder farmers as they depend mostly on agricultural extensionist trainings for their human resource development.

Nowadays, Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMRs) are built and the control system that used to control them are made by Electronic Engineers. Depend on their desire design of WMR, Technicians made used of Microcontrollers as controlling machines and DC Motors for motion control. Autonomous robotic vehicle guidance for indoor navigation has been developed for Mobile Industrial Robot model. The resulting design will navigate the environs in a building without the need of human intervention. The guidance system consists of infrared sensors for obstacle detection, range determination and avoidance. It can detect the obstacles within the range 10 to 30 cm. This paper represents mainly on software implementation of obstacle detection and avoidance system for Wheeled Mobile Robot. This system consists of infrared sensors and microcontroller. In this system three infrared sensors are used for left, front and right. In this robot system, the input signal is received from sensor circuit and Atmega 32 microcontroller is operated according to the received sensor’s signal. The infrared sensor reading is taken and processed to avoid the obstacles. The 12V power supply is used to operate Atmega 32 board and sensor circuit board. The obstacle avoidance algorithm is simply evaluated on Atmega microcontroller based mobile robot. IR Sensors based Wheeled Mobile Robot, mainly function as an Obstacle Avoidance Vehicle. The desired goal of this system is to avoid obstacles along its path and to determine the distance.

In the construction sector, computer simulation has been extensively incorporated to support complex decisions including automation of several different processes and also to design the novel machines or buildings. The changes inhabited in the work zone configurations are reflected in the animations as the work progresses. This also provides an opportunity to the construction workers, as well as agency personnel and general public to visually present the complicated information. This projected work presents an overview of how simulation modeling can help in learning effective decision making while performing construction activities. The Virtual Construction Simulator provides a user interaction gadget through which user can feed in the inputs that addresses the system to implement those sequences of tasks. The tasks that do not violate certain specified constraints operate concurrently and the operation of these tasks can be viewed on the virtual construction environment as well as the intermediate status of all the elements is updated at the backend. A comparative analysis of various available alternatives can be done, so as to determine the most optimal and most efficient sequence of operations that can be implemented. Here in the cost of translocation of the various vehicles is taken into consideration for efficiency deterministic. Some predefined constraints are accustomed to the system like the limit on the number of vehicles that can be used, also the parameters involved in evaluation of the efficiency of a plan is subject to some assumptions, they are an approximate to the real world attributes but they are subject to change and can be updated on demand as per the requirements of the system.

The differential cross-section for the elastic scattering of heavy ion 28Si from target nuclei 27Al at different projectile energies has been studied in terms of the Strong Absorption Model of Frahn and Venter[1] using the three parameters version of this model. In this paper we find that a reasonably good description to the angular distribution of the experimental elastic scattering data is possible.

The investigation into food qualities of six (6) newly bred β-carotene cassava namely; NR07/0427, NR07/0432, NR07/0326, NR07/0506, NR07/0497 and NR07/0499 of the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Nigeria using TMS 30572 as control was carried out. The chemical composition of the fresh roots to determine their carotenoid, moisture and starch contents was also carried out. Furthermore, the six of newly bred β-carotene cassava and the TMS 30572 (control) were processed into high quality cassava flours (HQCF) with which their physico-chemical properties were determined. The HQCF were also used in making 10% cassava bread, chin-chin, cakes, strips and salad cream and evaluated organoleptically. The result showed that the moisture contents of the fresh cassava roots ranged from 71.27% (TMS 30572) to 75.26% (NR07/0427) while the starch contents ranged from 11.69% (NR07/0427) to 29.16% (NR07/0499).The starch contents of the flours produced from the roots ranged from23.18(NR07/0427) to 61.05% (TMS30572), crude fibre ranged from 0.62 to 1.74% and ash ranged from 0.93 to 1.85%; Packed bulk density ranged from 0.68 to 1.53g/ml, loose bulk density ranged from2.3 to 3.5g/ml and pH from 5.05 to 5.70. The carotenoid content of fresh root samples had values from 0.528 μg/g for TMS 30572 (control) to 3.876μg/g for NR07/0326. The values for the HQCF ranged from 0.146 μg/g to 0.877μg/g TMS30572 and NR07/0326 respectively. The sensory evaluation result of the 10% cassava bread, chin-chin, cakes, strips and salad-cream produced from β-carotene cassava varieties revealed that in general acceptability, all the samples were acceptable to the panelists. This study showed that the processed β-carotene cassava varieties contained adequate quantities of carotenoid to combat vitamin A deficiency. The physico-chemical properties and sensory evaluation indicated that β-carotene cassava varieties are good sources of starch, minerals and fibre and could be very useful

The study area falls within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria. The dominant lihologic units are quartzites of Effon Psammite Formation which occur mostly as massive quartzites, schistose quartzites and quartzite schists. Fifteen (15) water samples were collected from the study area at regular intervals which includes nine (9) samples from Okemesi Ekiti and six (6) samples from Ikoro Ekiti respectively. These samples were analysed in order to determine their physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics. The physiochemical results showed that temperature ranges between 26.7ºC-27.7ºC, conductivity (80-1680)μs/cm, appearance is clear, colour in hazen scale is <10 for all samples, turbidity (0-9.35)NTU which showed that the water are less turbid, tasteless and odourless, pH (5.96-7.74) which is slightly acidic to alkaline, total dissolved solids (53.6-1126)mg/l and total hardness (28-414)mg/l. The cations and anions range as follows in the samples; Ca2+ (16-254)mg/l, Mg2+ (12- 226)mg/l, Cl- (5.99-210)mg/l, NO3 - (0.98-30.8)mg/l though not detected in all the samples, Fe (0.27- 0.67)mg/l, Na+(3.89-137)mg/l, Mn(0.008-0.018)mg/l, HCO3 - (6.0-126)mg/l. All the cations and anions analyzed conform to WHO (1993) standard for drinking water as all their values fell within the maximum permissible limits. The bacteriological analysis for total coliform/100ml as in total bacteria counts range between (7-16) Cfu/100ml, these shows a relatively high load of bacteria in the tested samples.

Global warming is one of those areas of science that gets all sorts of people exited. Though a few ask for more and more evidence that global environmental change is taking place, most accept that human activities are causing changes quite unlike any. But what exactly is it. Is it natural? Why is it happing? And what is it doing? The planet we inhabit is blessed with some very special conditions that just happen to be perfectly suited to sustain life. Global warming is the increase of average world temperature as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the earth`s surface but trapping the heat as it radiate back to space. As the greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere the earth gets hotter. Organization related to this have quickly realize this and since 1980 have seen a huge research effort to explain the probable effects on our environment. The research continues, as we try to discover what rates of change can be tolerated.