Igratefully acknowledge Prof. Yemane Berhane, program and theory review course instructor as well as advisor, for his professional support and advice in the whole process of developing this review. At this junction, it is a must for me to give special thanks to all my MPH course instructors for their support, motivation, and regular follow up during my stay at ACIPH. Finally, I own a debt of gratitude to all my family members for their unreserved support and encouragement to make a difference in my life.

The paper begins by stating and illustrating what it claims as a new discovery, namely, that the refractive index of a substance is a function of the gravitational field set up by its molecules. An interpretation of the discovery leads to revolutionary insights on the nature of refraction and the relationship linking space, mass and energy. A nanotechnology based on this discovery is suggested.

This paper presents an approach to classify remote sensed data using a hybrid classifier. Random forest, Support Vector machines and boosting methods are used to build the said hybrid classifier. The central idea is to subdivide the input data set into smaller subsets and classify individual subsets. The individual subset classification is done using support vector machines classifier. Boosting is used at each subset to evaluate the learning by using a weight factor for every data item in the data set. The weight factor is updated based on classification accuracy. Later the final outcome for the complete data set is computed by implementing a majority voting mechanism to the individual subset classification outcomes.

Indigenous knowledge (IK) on plant species of material culture (construction, traditional arts and handicrafts) used by the indigenous people in and around the Awash National Park (ANP), Ethiopia was conducted ethnobotanically. The study aimed to investigate various aspects of IK on plant species of material culture. A total of 96 informants between the ages of 20 and 80 were selected using prior information. Data were collected using semi-structured interview, guided field walk, discussions and field observation. 􀀶􀁌􀁐􀁓􀁏􀁈􀀃􀁖􀁗􀁄􀁗􀁌􀁖􀁗􀁌􀁆􀁄􀁏􀀃􀁐􀁈􀁗􀁋􀁒􀁇􀁖􀀃􀁄􀁑􀁇􀀃􀀭􀁄􀁆􀁆􀁄􀁕􀁇􀂷􀁖􀀃􀁆􀁒􀁈􀁉􀁉􀁌􀁆􀁌􀁈􀁑􀁗􀀃􀁒􀁉􀀃similarity was applied for data analysis. A total of 156 plant species of material culture belonging to 115 genera and 70 families were collected. Of these, 79 species serve as sources of raw materials for various construction purposes, while 77 for traditional art and handicrafts. Out of these, 8 species were reported by the Afar Nation, 14 by the Oromo Nation and the rest by both Nations. About 93% of the species were reported with their vernacular (local) names, where 73% were reported by the Afar Nation and 87% by the Oromo Nation. Planting of these important species around homesteads and farmlands; raising tree seedlings at nursery for large scale plantation; better animal husbandry practices and improved shortage of grazing lands to minimize overgrazing of thatched grasses; sustainable utilization and conservation of the species and awareness raising of the local people are recommended.

1. Purpose : This study investigated gender, religious affiliation, institution of learning and academic level as factors predicting sexual risk susceptibility among university undergraduates drawn from two Univer - sities in South-Western Nigeria. 2. Methods : Using an ex-post facto survey research design and random sampling methods, a total of 320 participants were selected for the study. 118 (36.9%) were male, 202 (63.1%) were female. Validated scale was used for data collection. Four hypotheses were stated, two of which were analyzed using t-test of independent means, while the remaining two were analyzed using a univariate analysis of variance.

Samples of domestic sewage obtained from a sewage treatment plant located in Warri, Nigeria were analysed for two pollution characteristics such as suspended solids (SS) and permanganate value (PV). Values obtained from the analysis were used to assess the possible relationship between the two pollution characteristics using correlation and regression analysis. Mean values of the suspended solids (SS) ranged between 200.0mg/l and 380.0mg/l while mean values of the permanganate values ranged between 162.2mg/l and 286.0mg/l. The correlation coefficient, r was 0.9577. The analysis indicates that real, strong and significant linear relationship exists between suspended solids and permanganate value in the domestic sewage

In software engineering, we have identified and described the model correspondence problem. To Describe system architecture and artifacts uses models and diagrams. Models contains series of versions. To understand how versions correspondence are difficult. So, we designed a framework based on Search and Ammolite algorithms, which can cardinally finds the correspondence software models. Models are represented as graphs whose nodes have attributes (name, edge, label, connections). For a given diagram pair, it performs different individual matches such as pair-wise match, Split-Merge Match and Drop match and then combine all matches together to design a ADL model. Every ADL Model has its correspondence score for rating quality candidates. To find best Correspondence among the given ADL models uses Search and Ammolite Algorithms.

Checkpoint is defined as a fault tolerant technique that is a designated place in a program at which normal processing is interrupted specifically to preserve the status information necessary to allow resumption of processing at a later time. If there is a failure, computation may be restarted from the current checkpoint instead of repeating the computation from beginning. Checkpoint based rollback recovery is one of the widely used technique used in various areas like scientific computing, database, telecommunication and critical applications in distributed and mobile ad hoc network. The mobile ad hoc network architecture is one consisting of a set of self configure mobile hosts capable of communicating with each other without the assistance of base stations. The main problems of this environment are insufficient power and limited storage capacity, so the checkpointing is major challenge in mobile ad hoc network. This paper presents the review of the algorithms, which have been reported for checkpointing approaches in mobile ad hoc network.

In this report, a hybrid power system has been designed considering photovoltaic, wind turbine generator and diesel generator. HOMER software has been used for analyzing the performance of the system. Different performance analysis like feasibility, sensitivity, cost, and sustainability has been done. Environmental and economic analysis is used to discuss the sustainability of a hybrid power system. Primary ac loads for 24 hours, solar resource and wind resource inputs for a year are used. Analysis reveals that the hybrid system with photovoltaic, diesel generator, wind turbine give better performance in terms of cost and sensitivity.

Aim : To conduct the study on regenerative effect of rat undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats and determine their ability to differentiate into hepatocytes in the liver. Methods : Liver injury was produced by administration of CCl4 mixed with liquid paraffin. Liver injury induced by administration of CCl4, 0.5 mL /kg body weight, was injected into the peritoneum of rat twice a week for 2 weeks. Control animals received an equal volume of liquid paraffin. The dose of Embryonic Stem (ES) cells for the treatment damaged liver of rats was calculated according to the cell viability count and suspension was administered through intraperitonial route, 1 x 105 undifferentiated ES cells (0.1 mL of 1 x 106cells/mL solution),genetically labeled with GFP, were transplanted into the spleens 1 d after the second injection.