Machinery management tries to control maintenance and operation costs by reducing agricultural machinery damages as well. Today, nanotechnology has an important role in reducing engine wear costs by using nano particles in engine oils. To study the effect of nano oil on agricultural engines, performance of eight Massey Ferguson model 399, tractors manufactured in Iran were studied. Each oil sample was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition, Particle Quantifier (PQ), total base number (TBN), viscosity, fuel and water pollution tests were also applied. The results showed that usage of nano diamond oil additive in agricultural tractor engines would reduce wear in cylinders, gaskets, drive shafts, gears, camshaft and valve mechanisms by 68 percent. Also reduced wear was shown in piston ring, bearing, gaskets and exhaust valves by 64 percent. Furthermore, fuel consumption proved a reduction of 21 percent compared to conventional oil use.

This paper presents a literature review of liberal feminist, Marxist feminist, radical feminist, socialist feminist, all the “other”, i.e. lesbian feminist, ecofeminist, race and ethnicity based feminist and Third World feminist, and postmodern feminist accounts of the state. Keeping in mind the fact that feminism, as listed under the contemporary Western critical paradigm, carries the potential to transform the state, the paper ends with a brief overview of the possible inheritances of the above mentioned feminisms. Choosing to use gender inequality rather than patriarchy as an all-encompassing phrase, the paper concludes that in order to develop a common sense on the relationship between the state(s), the market and the (civil) society, finding historical data that are not contaminated by malestream knowledge remains at the top of the agenda of the feminist political struggle.

The biological databases generate huge volume of genomics and proteomics data. The sequence information is used by researches to find similarity of genes, proteins and to find other related information. The genomic sequence database consists of large number of attributes as annotations, represented for defining the sequences in Xml format. It is necessary to have proper mechanism to group the documents for information retrieval. Data mining techniques like clustering and classification methods can be used to group the documents. The objective of the paper is to analyze the set of keywords which can be represented as features for grouping the documents semantically. This paper focuses on clustering genomic documents based on both structural and content similarity .The structural similarity is found using structural path between the documents. The semantic similarity is found for the structurally similar documents. We have proposed a methodology to cluster the genomic documents using sequence attributes without using the sequence data. The sequence attributes for genomic documents are analyzed using Filter based feature selection methods to find the relevant feature set for grouping the similar documents. Based on the attribute ranking we have clustered the similar documents using All Keyword approach (KBA) and GO Terms based approach (GOTA). The experimental results of the clusters are validated for two approaches by inferring biological meaning using Gene Ontology. From the results it was inferred that all keywords based approach grouped documents based on the semantic meaning of Gene Ontology terms. The GO terms based approach grouped larger number of documents without considering any other keywords, which is semantically relevant which results in reducing the complexity of the attributes considered. We claim that using GO terms can alone be used as features set to group genomic documents with high similarity.

Local Government administration and development in Nigeria has, historically, undergone a number of epochs: Native Authority or Indirect Rule system; Local Administration system; Democratization of the system and the separation of traditional/ emirate council from democratic Local government system. The last of these epochs is the most spectacular in the way it deepened and still deeps democracy at local government level. To date, this last epoch has had not less than nine reforms: The 1976 Guidelines for Local Government Reform; The 1979 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; The 1984 Dasuki Report on the Nigerian Local Government system; The 1988 Civil Service Reforms in the Local Government system; The 1989 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; The 1992 Handbook on Local Government Administration; The 1989 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the 2003 Review of Local Government Councils in Nigeria. What this paper sets out to examine is the changing nature of Local government system in Nigeria right from the days of Native Authority s system to the present democratic one and their impacts on women and the poor.

In this paper a new classification of range image segmentation method is proposed according to the criterion of homogeneity which obeys the segmentation, then, a deformable model-type active contour “Snake” is applied to segment range images.

Business plays a pivotal role for the development of human civilization as well as change of the status of the country in this whole universe. To compare and compute the export trend for any organization or a country is an indispensable for numerous intelligent systems to measure the national and international gain or loss for developing countries as well as for developed countries. The main purpose of this research is to develop a dynamic business prediction model for person, organization, Institute, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Finance ,Ministry of Economics, Prime Minister office and last but not least for whole world to predict the exact demand for exportable products and formulate export policy. Bangladesh Export Promotion Bureau (BEPB) helped us by providing the valuable data set and information. In this research activities we have had first classify the data by using Support Vector Machine (SVM), a latest data classification technique in the field of data processing. SVM reduce the redundant data from vast amount of data. After getting processed data we have used first-order logic (FL) to build a knowledgebase which will work as background knowledge for our computation. Finally Bayes’ Network (BN) has used to perform the proper prediction by using the knowledge base information. Based on the result of BN, we have made a list of emerging products those have major impact on the prosperity of the country or organization.

L’article examine si le cadre institutionnel d’un pays, mesuré par la corruption, le risque, les lois, l’ethnique, les contrats et la bureaucratie, affecte sa croissance économique; et si l’effet est différent entre les pays émergents. L’étude porte sur 19 pays; pour la période 1990-2005. En utilisant la méthodologie utilisée par plusieurs économistes, qui ont vérifié cette relation dans le cas de PD et de PED, le modèle se base sur une fonction de production générale et emploie la technique de données de panel dynamique. Les résultats obtenus sont similaires à ceux de travaux récents et indiquent une relation positive entre la gouvernance et le taux de croissance pour les pays « goods » gouvernés; et une relation négative pour les pays « buds » gouvernés. Ce type de résultats peut venir influencer les décisions des autorités concernant les politiques économiques à adopter.

In applications like weather monitoring, remote sensing, seismic signal processing etc, the boundaries and sharp features of the images have to be enhanced to obtain useful results and interpretations. The two dimensional(2D) highpass filters are used for such image processing applications. A direct design of the 2D high pass filter using frequency transformation has not been reported in the literature so far. In this paper, we present the design of a sharp 2D high pass filter using a direct transformation of the 1D low pass filter into a 2D high pass filter. Chebyshev polynomial approximation is used in mapping the one dimensional (1D)filter into its 2D equivalent. A promising aspect of the proposed transformation is that it is multiplier-free. Therefore the total complexity is decided by the multipliers of the 1D prototype filter. The complexity of designing a sharp 1D filter can be reduced by using the technique of Frequency Response Masking (FRM). Better circularity of the contour in the cutoff radius of the 2D filter is achieved compared to the traditional McClellan transformation. Reduced computation time and complexity are the highlights of the proposed approach.

Vibrio cholerae, causative agent of profuse watery diarrhea forms biofilm structure which is adaptive advantage for the Vibrio cholerae. This study was carried out to characterize certain Vibrio cholerae environmental strains collected from the water reservoirs surrounding Midnapore town, West Bengal, India in respect of serogroups, antibiotic susceptibility, protease activity, haemolytic activity, pathogenecity and determination of biofilm forming ability and also signaling system involved in the regulation of biofilm. Multiplex PCR assay revealed that all were from non O1/non O139 serogroups and ctxA, tcpA negative. All of them were sensitive to streptomycin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid but resistant to ampicillin, norfloxacin and chloramphenical and 70% were polymyxin B resistant. Beside this these Vibrio cholerae isolates were strongly hemolytic, moderate to high biofilm forming. In this study we found that these strains did not follow the biofilm controlling previously reported flagella-mediated, hapRmediated as well as quorum sensing autoinducer(s)-mediated signal transduction pathway.

The problem of mining association rules in a database are introduced. Most of association rule mining approaches aim to mine association rules considering exact matches between items in transactions. A new algorithm called “Improved Data Mining Based on Semantic Similarity to mine new Association Rules” which considers not only exact matches between items, but also the semantic similarity between them. Improved Data Mining (IDM) Based on Semantic Similarity to mine new Association Rules uses the concepts of an expert to represent the similarity degree between items, and proposes a new way of obtaining support and confidence for the association rules containing these items. An association rule is for ex: i.e. for a grocery store say “30% of transactions that contain bread also contain milk; 2% of all transactions contain both of these items”. Here 30% is called the confidence of the rule, and 2% the support of the rule and this rule is represented as Bread  Milk. The problem is to find all association rules that satisfy user-specified minimum support and minimum confidence constraints. This paper then results that new rules bring more information about the database.