The strategy of price liberalisation and privatisation had been implemented in Sudan over the last decade, and has had a positive result on government deficit. The investment law approved recently has good statements and rules on the above strategy in particular to pharmacy regulations. Under the pressure of the new privatisation policy, the government introduced radical changes in the pharmacy regulations. To improve the effectiveness of the public pharmacy, resources should be switched towards areas of need, reducing inequalities and promoting better health conditions. Medicines are financed either through cost sharing or full private. The role of the private services is significant. A review of reform of financing medicines in Sudan is given in this article. Also, it highlights the current drug supply system in the public sector, which is currently responsibility of the Central Medical Supplies Public Corporation (CMS).

This study examined the effect of social network on microcredit access among grains sellers in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Multistage stratified random sampling procedure was employed to collect data from 150 grains sellers from three randomly selected local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan. Primary data were collected using a well structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and probit regression analysis and 2-stage least square. The result showed banks and cooperatives as two main sources of credit for the grain sellers and majority of the grain sellers reported that local level institutions (LLIs) facilitate their access to credit. The result of probit regression showed that age, age squared, marital status and religion; social capital index, cash contribution, labour contribution index and decision making index significantly affect microcredit access. It revealed that the higher the cash and labour contribution of grain seller to their associations the more access to microcredit. The result of bi-causal relationship showed that social capital was truly exogenous to grain seller’s access to microcredit with no reverse causality. The study concluded that social capital positively affected credit access.

As organizations become aware of the strategic importance of e-commerce they will also become aware of the need of quality Web sites. In early years the World Wide Web was originally designed to present information to Web surfers using simple sites that consists of hyper linked text. But, Modern Web applications run large-scale software applications for e-commerce, information distribution, entertainment, and numerous other activities. The factors that constitute software quality in traditional data processing are well defined. However, it is necessary to have a full understanding about the quality in the context of World Wide Web. This paper identifies a new quality factor, searchability for the World Wide Web with the checklist of enablers. This factor enables the Web site developers and evaluators to create quality Web sites.

The influx of nanoparticles into the living systems especially for medical purposes has opened up a new challenge of synthesizing them in a benign fashion. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is looked upon as an alternative to the existing physical and chemical methods of syntheses as they are associated with undeniable disadvantages. This initiated the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by using various microorganisms and plants. In this study we report the use of endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from the Adhatoda beddomei to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution by the endophytic bacterium after incubation for 3 days at room temperature. The synthesis was initially observed by colour change from pale white to brown which was further confirmed by UV - Vis spectroscopy. The AgNPs were characterized using FTIR, SEM – EDAX and TEM. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be spherical and uniformly distributed with the size in the range of 11-16 nm. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy of the nanoparticle dispersion confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The AgNPs were found to have reasonable antibacterial activity against a few pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Determining the minimum inhibitory concentration leading to inhibition of bacterial growth is still under way.

The main object of this paper is to obtain integral transformation using certain product of multivariable H-function with a general class of polynomials. The result established in this paper are of general nature and hence encompass several cases of interest.

The study examines the politics of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria. The descriptive nature of the study has necessitated the extensive use of desk research. The paper argues strongly that the policy derives its instrumentality from the theory of development racism, which only benefits the rulers of the country and multinational companies and not the citizen. This explains the massive protests by the Nigerian Labour Congress, Civil Liberty Organisations and the masses of Nigerian that usually accompanied fuel subsidy removal. We have recommended that for the smooth operation of the petroleum sub-sector, government must always engage the people in policies that will affect them. We also recommended for the building of more refineries in order to make the product more available to the people and at an affordable pump price. This could be done through private/public partnership.

We study the hypersurface-homogeneous cosmological model in presence of perfect fluid within the framework of Barber’s [1982, GRG, 14, 117] second self-creation theory of gravitation. We have shown that the field equations are solvable for any arbitrary cosmic scale function and then obtained exact solutions for two values of a specific parameter. While doing so, we have used the general equation of state p mρ where m ( 0 ≤ m ≤1) is a constant. We also discussed the physical aspects of the models of the universe.

Failure Investigation was carried out on a fractured Weld neck flange of an 8”discharge pipeline of an ethylene compressor in a Petrochemical complex. The Investigation was carried out with the aim of determining the root cause of the failure. In the course of this investigation, Metallurgical techniques including micrography and fractography as well as stress analysis of the piping were carried out on the failed part. The root cause of the failure was identified as vibration induced fatigue enhanced by the non-homogeneity of the microstructure of the flange due to incorrect normalizing practice after forging. Remedial measures to prevent a reoccurrence were proffered.

The purpose of this article is to find out the different of index of metabolism of breath and energy between the senior citizen who has often trained 24 style Tai Chi for a long time and the new learner when they just finished 24 style Tai Chi, and the results tell us that the index of testing of the senior citizen who has often trained 24 style Tai Chi is much better than the new learner, so the results indicate Tai Chi can improve the function of metabolism of breath and energy of the senior citizen which as a science proof of the senior citizen who trains the Tai Chi.

Heavy metals in particular are a group of pollutants of major concern in the aquatic environment due to their toxicity. The need to find an inexpensive and effective method for heavy metals abatement from water becomes inevitable. Adsorption in very effectively used technique for this purpose but cost is an important parameter and the types of adsorbents conventionally used are expensive. The aim of this study is to use the tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of metal concentration in industry effluents. The effect of variation in different parameters like initial concentration of metals in solution, adsorbent amount and contact time were investigated. The adsorbent is very effective for lower concentration of metal solutions, and the adsorbance increases with increase in adsorbent dose. Around 96% removal of lead, 78% removal of nickel and 63% removal of cadmium is obtained using 0.5 gm of adsorbent and the efficiency is increased to 100% for Pb, 87% for Ni and 83% for Cd, by using 1.5 gm of the adsorbent. As this adsorbent is cheap and easily available, it can be used in little excess amount to obtain higher percentage of metal removal. A comparative study for removal efficiency for Pb, Ni, Cd is also discussed. The adsorbent prepared from tea waste is efficient and it is proposed that it can be conveniently employed as a low cost alternative in the treatment of waste water for heavy metal removal.