A single feed compact rectangular microstrip antenna for quad band applications has been designed and developed. This antenna is incorporated by four L-shaped slot structure along the length on the patch. Four resonating frequencies are obtained at 1.845 GHz with return loss -21.19 dB, 2.59 GHz with return loss -17.69 dB, 3.29 GHz with return loss -21.56 dB and 4.825 GHz with return loss -22.31 dB. The size of the antenna has been reduced by 77.3% when compared to a conventional microstrip patch without slot. An extensive analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been given in this paper. The characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using MoM based electromagnetic solver, IE3D.The simple configuration and low profile nature of the proposed antenna leads to easy fabrication and multi frequency operation makes it suitable for the applications in Wireless Communication system.

We already know that Structured Query Language (SQL) is a very powerful tool. It handles data, which is crisp and precise in nature.but it is unable to satisfy the needs for data which is uncertain, imprecise, inapplicable and vague in nature.The goal of this work is to use Fuzzy techniques i.e linguistic expressions and degrees of truth whose result are presented in this paper. For this purpose we have developed the fuzzy generalized logical condition for the WHERE part of SQL. In this way, fuzzy queries are accessing relational databases in the same way as with SQL. These queries with linguistic hedges are converted into Crisp Query, by deploying an application layer over the Structured Query Language

This paper presents a micro-controller based wireless digital energy meter to facilitate energy consumption measurement and its corresponding billing scheme. Details of design for the construction of energy meter using (Current transformer, Potential transformer, microcontroller, Atmega 16, LCD, Transmitter, Receiver, and a load). Electricity has become one of the basic requirements of human civilization, being widely used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. At present, the need and demand for electricity requires no special mention. In spite of very well developed sources for electricity, both traditional and alternate versions, there are a lot of problems with distribution, metering and billing of electrical energy and its consumption measurement. The problem worsens further in collecting the meter readings and generating the bill. In this paper, a method of using a wireless digital system for automated transmission of data was utilized to make easy energy consumption measurement and its consequent billing system. If we use this energy meter it will be beneficial for the power energy system. It is very cost effective and effortless to operate.

The environmental impact and seasonal variation of polyethylene (cellophane) generation and disposal in Akure City, Nigeria was investigated. Five daily markets, were randomly selected for data collection. In each market, two areas: one in the raw food section and the other in the processed food items section, each measuring 30 metres by 100 metres were demarcated for investigation. The result showed that polyethylene is generated more during the dry season months than the wet season months. The result also showed that table water sachet topped the list of cellophane wastes generated. This is because; it is cheap and consumed throughout the year with very little seasonal variation. Types of cellophane generation at home and market also displayed a very interesting pattern. The study showed that in the market, polyethylene for assorted items was the least (51,000), followed by biscuits (50,863), ice cream sachets (81,526) and table water sachets (96,853). On the other hand, the trend showed that, at home, polyethylene for assorted items was the highest (98,361kg), closely followed by biscuit wrapper (45,263), ice cream wrappers (35,514) and table water sachets (25,360). Cellophane waste poses various threats to public health and adversely affects flora and fauna as well as the environment especially when it is not appropriately collected and disposed. It is advocated that aggressive campaign and enlightenment of the masses on the threats posed by cellophane pollution should be carried out to prevent further damage to the environment.

Optical fiber is one of the most important communications media in communication system. Due to its versatile advantages and negligible transmission loss it is used in high speed data transmission. Although optical fiber communication has a lot of advantages, dispersion is the main performance limiting factor. Dispersion severely degrades the performance of optical fiber. There are various methods for dispersion compensation. Due to some superior advantages Fiber Bragg Grating is a well known hot cake in the field of dispersion compensation in optical fiber communication. Generally Fiber Bragg Grating has a very narrow operating window. An effective method for broadening the window of Fiber Bragg grating is shown in this thesis work, which gives a satisfactory operating window. In this thesis paper a typical MATLAB simulation work is done to compensate dispersion up to a fiber length of 300 Km.

Rotary solar dryer developed and evaluated for Kokam drying. Kokam fruits were selected as drying material. Time required reducing the moisture content upto 10 % as a safe storage for solar dryer was observed for ripen and unripe kokam fruits. Evaluation parameters were collection efficiency, system drying efficiency, pick-up efficiency, moisture ratio and drying rate. Maximum temperature inside the foldable solar dryer was 570C whereas maximum ambient temperature observed was 35.30C and solar irradiation was 600 W/m2.Humidity varies from 32.2% to 22.3% inside the solar dryer whereas outside humidity varies from 43.02% to 29.35%. Overall collection efficiency was found as 70.97 %. Maximum drying efficiency for salted ripen kokum was 9.88 per cent and unsalted salted ripen kokum was 7.66 percent.

Data mining is sorting through data to identify patterns and establish relationships.Data mining parameters include: Regression - In statistics, regression analysis includes any techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Sequence or path analysis - looking for patterns where one event leads to another later event. Classification - looking for new patterns. Clustering - finding and visually documenting groups. Decision Trees – Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal.

Image retrieval is fast growing research oriented area now days. As information retrieval plays a major role in transmitting knowledge both in the forms of text and images, image retrieval got a major focus. In this paper we integrated the Histogram Intersection measure method to compare the query image with database images; by this approach we can measure over-all similarity between images, by incorporating all local properties of the texture histograms of the images through which we proved that our approach in retrieving the image is accurate.

Quality of Service (QoS) is the ability to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow ie., guaranteeing required bit rate, delay, etc. IEEE 802.11 a/b/g networks do not provide QoS differentiation among multimedia traffic. QoS provisioning is one of the essential features in IEEE 802.11e. It uses Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) which is a contention-based channel access mode to provide QoS differentiation. EDCA works with four Access Categories (AC). Differentiation of Access Categories are achieved by differentiating the Arbitration Inter-Frame Space (AIFS), the initial contention window size (CWmin), the maximum contention window size (CWmax) and the transmission opportunity (TXOP). However AIFS, CWmin, CWmax are considered to be fixed for a given AC, while TXOP may be varied. A TXOP is a time period when a station has the right to initiate transmissions onto the wireless medium. By varying the TXOP value among the ACs the QoS optimization- throughput stability and minimum delay is achieved. EDCA has many advantages such as it fully utilizes the channel bandwidth, and does not require centralized admission control and scheduling algorithms over the contention-free access mode.

This paper empirically examines the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, export values and remittance for the panel of three SAARC countries using the time series data for the period 1976- 2009. Using four different panel unit root tests it is found that all the panel variables are integrated of order 1. From the Johansen Fisher panel conintegration and Kao tests it is found that all the panel variables are cointegrated. The panel Granger F test results support that there is only bidirectional short-run causal relationship between economic growth and export values but there is no evidence of long-run causal relationship. It is found that the long-run elasticity of economic growth with respect to electricity consumption and remittance are higher than short run elasticity. This means that over time higher electricity consumption and higher remittance from manpower supply in the panel of SAARC countries give rise to more economic growth.