The present investigation is concerned with the reflection and transmission of plane waves at an imperfect interface between two different swelling porous elastic media. The expression for various amplitude ratios due to the incidence of longitudinal wave in solid (PS), transverse wave in solid (SVS) are obtained for imperfect boundary and are deduced for normal stiffness, transversal stiffness and welded contact. The resulting amplitude ratios are computed and depicted graphically for a specific model. The present investigation has immense application in structural problems, geophysics etc.

Poverty dynamics enables a better appreciation of the extent of poverty over time by distinguishing between households exiting and entering into poverty, those never poor and the persistently poor. However, it has not received much attention in the poverty literature in Nigeria, largely due to the lack of nationally representative panel data that track the poverty status of households over time. The dynamics of poverty in rural SouthWest Nigeria (SWN) was therefore investigated using regional panel data. Results showed that 49.5 percent of the households were non-poor while 28.2 percent were poor in both periods respectively. On the other hand, 22.3 percent of the households moved in and out of poverty between the two periods indicating a higher level of chronic poverty in rural South Western Nigeria. However, of the transient poor, while 6.8 percent exited poverty, a larger proportion (15.5 percent) moved into poverty. Results also revealed an overlap between the determinants of chronic and transient poverty as vulnerability aggravated both chronic and transient poverty in the region by increasing the odds of remaining and moving into poverty of poor and non poor households respectively. However, there were a few factors such as primary education of household head, membership of local group or association, access to remittance and credit associated with chronic but not transient poverty and vice versa. The study suggests adoption of mixed policies to poverty reduction and taking into account the factors that prevent the poor from slipping into poverty while giving due attention to the factors that help them overcome poverty in the targeting of the various anti-poverty programmes of government.

Component Based Development lays emphasis upon composing software from pre-existing commercially off the shelf (COTS) components. Component repositories are searched for the existing components according to requirement specifications and then components are integrated in the system. Though all the components are important for the success of a Component Based Software, some of them may be more important than others. While distributing the cost, efforts, time and other resources, starting from component requirement specification to component integration, we need to differentiate between more and somewhat less important components and distribute the resources accordingly. In this paper we have developed a simulator for identifying the critical components in a component based system for optimum distribution of the resources while integrating the components in the system. This simulator can be used to plan the distribution of available resources in a better way. This will help to overcome the problems of cost and time overrun while integrating and deploying components in a Component Based System (CBS).

Fluoride is one of the critical chemical parameter, which influences the quality of dam water. Fluoride in water was determined by SPADNS method by using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 570 nm. Excess intake of fluoride through drinking water causes fluorosis on human beings in many states of India, including Maharashatra. The concentration of F was estimated from three sampling sites named as up stream, mid stream and down stream i.e. S , S and S . The entire study was carried out during January to December 2010. The observed values showed the variations during the research study were ranged between 0.25-1.2 mg/L. The concentration of F was found within the permissible limit i.e.1.5 mg/L.

Three different strains of Apergillus niger isolated from decayed banana peels in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria depolymerized citrus pectin. The best strain having pectinolytic activity as indicated by the diameter of clear hydrolyzed zone on the medium plates containing commercial citrus pectin as the sole carbon source was selected among the three strains having the largest zone. This isolate was able to produce polygalacturonase and pectin layse enzymes using banana peels (agrowastes) as the sole carbon source. When Solid state fermentation (SSF) and Submerged fermentation (SMF) were carried out with the banana peels as the substrate using the Aspergillus niger with the largest zone, SSF yielded higher level of pectinolytic activity than the SMF. Different treatments of the banana peels used as substrate were carried out by blanching the substrate with cold sodium chloride, treating the banana peels with wood ashes and also allowing the unripe banana to go through ripening stages. Higher yield of pectinases production was obtained when the banana peels were treated compared with when they were not treated at all. Therefore pretreatment of banana peels increases pectinases production.

The aim of this work to study the asymptotic behavior of an elasticity problem, of containing structure, in incompressible elastic thin oscillating layer of thickness and stiffness depending of small parameter. We use the epi-convergence method to approximate the limit problem modeling.

Software product line engineering optimizes the development of individual systems by leveraging their common characteristics and managing their differences in a systematic way. These differences are called variabilities. We argue that it is difficult for business people to fully benefit of the SPL if it remains at the software level. The paper proposes a move towards a description of software product line in intentional terms, i.e. intentions and strategies to achieve business goals. We present ISPL, the model to describe intentional Software Product Line. Thereafter, we propose our process to show how to use this model.

In this article we propose new approach for investigating of Sturm - Liouville like four point boundary value problem. It gives new results.

This research paper outlines the method of preparation, testing procedure and salient results on the eco-friendly concrete that is manufactured using the waste products of steel industries. Results of eight flexural behaviour of Steel slag concrete beams and thier comparison with normal weight concrete (NWC) with reinforcement and without reinforcements are presented and discussed .The concrete is of grade 20 and the reinforced concrete beams of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 900 mm were prepared to study the structural behaviour. Similar grade concrete using NWC were also prepared and reinforced. It has been observed from the experimental investigation of the beams, that the moment capacity of SSRC beams was higher than NWC beams . In addition, the mode of failure observed in SSRC was ductile compared to the brittle failure of NWC beams. Thus, the SSRC beams showed a ductile failure, giving amble warning before failure happened. SSRC beams also exhibited a lot of cracking thus the crack width and crack spacing was small. The other advantage for SSRC beams was deflection. The SSRC beams exhibited higher deflection under constant load until failure, compared to NWC beams that failed in brittle manner without warning.

We classify Lorentzian α -Sasakian manifolds, which satisfy the derivation.