The current zones of economic integration and political coalitions, which were created mainly on the basis of the criterion of geographic proximity and exchange of mutual and equitable interest as evidenced by the case of Europe, Japan and the United States, opening the doors to a crucial question: what role can play the Francophonie (as a former cement integration) to these new spaces? The answer to this central question brings us back to say that the Francophonie is currently questioned especially as globalization has continued to confirm his supremacy and hegemony over the traditional coalitions and alliances. At this level, other things being equal, and without any intervention, the Francophonie risks losing its course of action and all of its objectives expected and reported by its founders. Thus, it is a huge amount of effort must be spent on both sides to make the Francophone zone better able to meet the expectations of our peoples. Consequently, the overall economic thinking seems to be essential to promote the welfare of different countries. The Francophone Economic seems like a perfect solution for the Francophone culture to reconcile the economic at the nostalgia.

The quality of Sonar images are often reduced by the presence of speckle noise. The presence of speckle noise leads to incorrect analysis and has to be handled carefully. In this paper, an improved non-parametric statistical wavelet denoising method is presented. The algorithm uses a stationary wavelet transformation to derive the wavelet coefficients, from which edge and non-edge wavelet coefficients are identified. Further to improve the time complexity, only homogenous regions with respect to coefficients of neighbors are considered. This method uses an ant colony classification technique. A hybrid method that exploits both inter-scale and intra-scale dependencies between wavelet coefficients is also proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient in terms of reduction in speckle noise and speed and can be efficiently used by various sonar imaging systems.

Leonard Bloomfield is accused of neglecting themeaning of Language and focusing on its structural aspectonly. The present paper is an attempt to clarify Bloomfield’sunderstanding of linguistics. This is done by means ofstudying his views of structuralism and linguistics.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contributions of total productive maintenance (TPM) initiatives towards improving manufacturing performance in Ethiopian malt manufacturing industry. The correlations between various TPM implementation dimensions and manufacturing performance improvements have been evaluated and validated by employing overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in boiler plant. The research focuses upon the significant contributions of TPM implementation success factors like top management leadership and involvement, traditional maintenance practices and holistic TPM implementation initiatives, towards affecting improvements in manufacturing performance in the Ethiopian industry. The study establishes that focused TPM implementation over a reasonable time period can strategically contribute towards realization of significant manufacturing performance enhancements. The study highlights the strong potential of TPM implementation initiatives in affecting organizational performance improvements. The achievements of Ethiopian manufacturing organizations through proactive TPM initiatives have been evaluated and critical TPM success factors identified for enhancing the effectiveness of TPM implementation programs in the Ethiopian context.

This paper considers a class of dual to product-cum-dual to ratio estimators for estimating finite population mean of the study variate using auxiliary variate. The bias and mean square error of the proposed estimator have been obtained. The asymptotically optimum estimator (AOE) in the class has also been identified along with its approximate bias and mean square error. Theoretical and empirical studies have been done to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed estimators over the other estimators.

Semiannual variations of the geomagnetic disturbances for different geomagnetic activity indices exhibit distinct characteristics for the period of 1970-2009. In this paper, the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity is significant in the low-latitudinal Dst index showing the magnitude of the ring current, less significant in the midlatitude of Ap and Kp indices. There is no evidence of semiannual variation in the auroral electrojet AE index but clearly observed in AL index which are measure of global geomagnetic activity in the auroral zone, also responds to convection electrojets and substorms electrojet. The correlation coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the variation, which ranges between 0.595-0.988.

Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Shara) plant was investigated as safe (green) inhibitor on the corrosion of mild steel in 2.0 M H2SO4 solution using weight loss and hydrogen gas evolution technique. The results showed that Shara plant aqueous extract is good inhibitor for mild steel in this medium. The inhibition efficiency increases with the inhibitor concentration and decreases with rising temperature. The inhibition is attributed to adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on mild steel surface. Adsorption characteristics of the aqueous extract of Shara plant were approximated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Effect of temperature is studied in the range (30-70) º C and determination of activation parameters is also discussed.

The problem being investigated in this paper is that of the response of non-uniform beam under tensile stress and resting on an elastic foundation. The fourth order partial differential equation governing the problem is solved when the beam is transverse by mobile distributed loads. The elastic properties of the beam, the flexible rigidity, and the mass per unit length are expressed as functions of the spatial variable using Struble’s method. It is observed that the deflection of non-uniform beam under the action of moving masses is higher than the deflection of moving force when only the force effects of the moving load are considered. From the analysis, the response amplitudes of both moving force and moving mass problems decrease with increasing foundation constant.

The study focused on the importance of remittances and reserves and also sees its implication for reserve increasing in three countries (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh). We analysis the impact of remittances on reserves in these three countries for the period 2000-2009.The regression analysis shows that remittances effect on reserves positively and significantly. Furthermore the study also finds that remittances have a strong and statistically significant impact on reserve increasing thus the reserves will increase when remittances will increase. The study also finds country wise analysis, Indian country is on top with respect to remittances and reserves and the Indian reserves are heavily dependent on remittances.

An evaluation of aggregate functions in relational database system considerable impact on performance in many application areas like geographic information systems and statistical and scientific databases. The problem with existing systems is inefficient execution of aggregate functions with large data volumes and lack of flexibility. It is not possible to extend the systems with new aggregate (average) functions. In this paper we extend the concept of aggregate functions from relational databases. This paper introduces the concept of average functions which could enhance flexibility and performance considerably. We show how this could be implemented into a database. Our implemented technique easily detects any changing in replicated data and original data with considering Null values.