Smart cards have been used for many different purposes over the last two decades, from simple prepaid credit counter cards used in parking meters, to high security identity cards intended for national ID programs. This has increased data privacy and security requirements. Data protection and authentication is now demanded for performing Electronic payment and allow secure multi-level access to private information. ECC uses smaller key sizes compared to traditionally used RSA based cryptosystems. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is especially suited to smart card based message authentication because of its smaller memory and computational power requirements than public key cryptosystems. It is observed that the performance of ECC based approach is significantly better than RSA and DSA/DH based approaches because of the low memory and computational requirements, smaller key size, low power and timing consumptions.

In this paper, an analytical expression comprising linear instability phenomena leading to microwave generation in a solid beam driven plasma-loaded backward wave oscillator has been developed. This analytical treatment is a process of three-wave interaction and is based on the approximate linear theory of instability established for annular beam driven vacuum backward wave oscillator. The dispersion relation derived here is an approximate one and it can be successfully employed to study a backward wave oscillator system consisting of a sinusoidal corrugated structure having very smaller corrugation depth.

Title: Rural development in a fast developing African society: The Case of Mauritius Societies that are called modern are those where the states have encouraged a more holistic approach to development as both the urban and rural areas have been given much attention. Most of the African countries face the difficulties to go for a balanced development program mainly because of financial problem but also because of lack of commitment on the part of the state stakeholders to develop, design and implement appropriate policies for rural development. The challenge for most developing societies is to make judicious useof available scarce resources to cause development and modernity that satisfies all the inhabitants. In this paper the case of Mauritius, a fast developing African society, will be considered. The main objectives of the paper are to I. To take stock of the factors that have been taken by the Mauritius state, since its independence, to cause rural development and II. To discuss whetherMauritius is a success story regarding rural development. For the sake of this study, use of both primary and secondary data has been made. Books, government documents, information received from the Chief Regional Development Officer and Citizens’ Advice Bureau officers and observation have proved to be very useful in writing this paper.The principal finding shows that Mauritius has resorted to the appropriate policies and the necessary implementation in achieving success in its rural development. However, the state needs to constantly review its policies and go for good governance to cope with new challenges so that the rural inhabitants are not left outside the mainstream of development.

Title: Managing Multi Ethnic Mauritius Multi Ethnic Mauritius management has since long been subject to criticisms. Members of different ethnic groups always blame Government for failure to satisfy their ethnic group requirements. There is often shifting of blames at all levels when things do not work. Forty years have passed since independence and there is the perception that we have failed to build a nation. Most people still put their ethnic identities before their national identities. The few who claim to be Mauritians complain that their demands are rarely met by authorities. In one way or the other the majority of our population is of opinion that leaders are not managing the country effectively. The main aim of this paper is to examine the causes of ethnic tension and ethnic conflict and the extent to which we have been able to manage them. The paper also looks into the management responsibility – more precisely-whether the state really plays its role effectively. The principal observation is that some state stakeholders are not playing their roles effectively. Finally, we come up with a new model of leadership- Global Benchmarker Leader - which is required to manage multi ethnic Mauritius thereby leading towards nation building and its consolidation.

The adsorption of manganese (II) onto activated carbon derived from the leaf an indigenous Ethiopian plant, namely Birbira (Militia ferruginea), was investigated using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, Mn (II) initial concentration, pH and temperature were investigated.The maximum adsorption occurred after 2 hrs. There was 95.8% of Mn2+ adsorption at pH of 4.0. The positive value of ∆H shows that the adsorption of manganese ions on the adsorbent is an endothermic process. The values of free energy (∆G) were negative. The decrease in ∆G value with increasing temperature reveals that adsorption of the ion on the adsorbent becomes favorable at higher temperature. The calculated value of ∆H is 16.05kJmol–1 and ∆S is 99.13JK-1mol-1. The two theoretical adsorption isotherms, namely, Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the experimental results. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm best fits and adsorption capacity was calculated to be 3.41 mg of Mn (II) per g of adsorbent. The adsorption followed the first order kinetics and was found to be pH dependent being maximum at pH 4.0. Reuse of the desorbed bio-adsorbent is possible. The effect of foreign ions on the removal of Mn (II) has been investigated. The removal of Mn (II) from industrial wastewater sample was also tested and showed that more than 93% removal is possible. The results showed that activated carbon prepared from Birbira (Militia ferruginea) leaves can be used for the removal of Mn (II) from wastewater.

Higher income may be a precondition for healthy environment and better health services. There is considerable evidence and academic debate regarding relationships between per capital income and various health indicators including child mortality. In this paper, we proposed a twovariable reciprocal regression model to establish the relationship between child mortality and per capital income. The method of ordinary least squares and some statistical inference were employed to analyse critically and ascertain the relationships between the two variables. From the analysis, it was discovered by the test of significance of regression, that there exist a relationship between the child mortality and per capital income at 5percent level of significance.

The paper is concerned with functional differential equation

With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs associated with vehicles. More recently, several new philosophies for manufacturing improvement have been developed and implemented in various sectors, be it manufacturing, service or other. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious.

The experience of developed countries tells us that investment in human capital plays an important part in national and regional economic growth.With the advent of knowledge-based economy, there is a growing recognition of the importance of human capital in economic growth. In this paper, starting with the investment of higher education, the relevant Xinjiang’s data from 1990 to 2009 was used to establish the econometric model, which is used to analyze the importance of human capital investment to the economic growth in Xinjiang. We also indicate that the government should increase the investment in education, so as to fully develop the significant potential of human capital stock.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) on rural women income in Ife South Local Government area of Osun State, Nigeria. A sample of 90 respondents were randomly selected from five (5) of the eleven (11) wards. A structured interview schedule was administered on the respondents. Data were collected and analyzed using frequency counts, percentage and econometric model. The study discovered that there is a positive and significant relationship between the year of education, total cost and income earned from NTFPs activities, and a negative but significant negative association with distance from forest to point of sale . The majority of the respondents (58.9%) supported Nonavailability of NTFPs as the significant effect of deforestation on NTFPs activities. The major problem encountered in NTFPs gathering and marketing are insufficient labour (38.9%), storage problem (23.2%), and thieves (14.4%).