Schwannoma is a benign neoplasm derived from Schwann cells. It is usually located in intracranial nerves, however intrathoracic presentation is possible, leadings to compression of adjacent structures and symptoms. Its diagnosis is challenging and is achieved by imaging tests. Treatment consists of surgical resection by thoracotomy or thoracoscopy. This study aimed to review the subject, with an emphasis on the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches currently available. Articles were selected by searching the Scopus, Scielo, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords: schwannoma, neurinoma, neurilemmoma, nerve tissue neoplasm, thoracotomy, thoracoscopy and mediastinal neoplasms. Intrathoracic schwannoma often presents as asymptomatic and is identified during routine imaging tests. The recommended treatment is surgical resection by thoracoscopy or thoracotomy.