In this study, Tectona grandis was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed cylindrical-typed pyrolysis reactor for bio-oil production at a reaction temperature between 410 oC and 530 oC. The product yields were collected at an interval of 30 oC. The highest product yield occurred at 500 oC. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out using iso-conversional methods and GC-MS, respectively. The proximate analysis of the raw sample showed that the moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were 6.4%, 77.94%, 14.4%, 1.26% respectively while ultimate analysis of the raw materials showed that the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen were 49.85%, 4.47%, 0.65%, 0.52%, and 44.51% respectively. The ultimate analysis of bio-oil showed that the content of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen were 43.56%, 6.25%, 0.62%, 48.89%, 0.68% respectively. The HHV and LHV of the bio-oil obtained were 35.65 MJ/kg and 17.35 MJ/kg respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the bio-oil of T. grandis showed the presence of 22 compounds amounted 98.9%. The most abundant component was palmitic acid (15.0%). The other major compounds present in the bio-oil were oleic acid (12.3%), cis-1, 9- hexadecadiene (12.0%), cis-10-pentadecen-1-ol (12.0%), 9- octadecenal (12.0%), trans-2-octadecadecen-1-ol (12.0%), myristic acid (5.0%) and stearic acid (5.0%). The bio-oil was active against all the tested bacteria with high zones of inhibition (20.0-30.0 mm). This study established that bio-oil should not only be used as a fuel but can also be purified and served as inhibitor of biofilm and bio-corrosion and natural antibiotic agent.

This study was undertaken to quantitatively and qualitatively estimate microbial and aflatoxin content in ready – to – eat groundnut pastes sold in some markets in Anambra and Edo States, Nigeria. A total of 100 samples of ready- to eat – groundnut pastes packaged in plastic cans and low density polyethylene were purchased from some marketsin Anambra State (Head Bridge, Ogbaru, Agulu, Mgbuka and Awka) and Edo State (Oba market, Santana, New Benin, Uselu and Oregbeni). The samples were analyzed microbiologically and physicochemically using standard procedures. Aflatoxin detection was done using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Bacteria species associated with the samples were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus , Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus roseus, Esherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while fungi include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and species of Penicillium and Fusarium. Total bacterial count ranged from 2.50 ± 0.61 x 104 – 5.54 ± 0.50 x 104 cfu/g. Lowest bacterial count( 2.50 ± 0.61x 104 cfu/g) was obtained in Awka market while the highest(5.54 ±0.50 x 104 cfu/g) was from Oba market. The fungal counts ranged from 1.70 ± 0.99 x 103 – 5.60 ± 0.65 x 103 cfu/g with Uselu market having the lowest counts (1.70 ± 0.99 x 103 cfu/g) and Ogbaru market in Anambra State having the highest counts( 5.60 ± 0.65 x 103 cfu/g). Aflatoxin content of the samples ranged from 1.1± 0.07 – 143.9+ 2.72 ppb. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and aflatoxin in the ready-to-eat groundnut paste pose a potential health challenge to the consumers in some parts of Anambra and Edo States, Nigeria.

Most of the gelada baboon’s population which is endemic to Ethiopia exists on the gorges and mountain cliffs of the country including Debre-Libanos. The objective of the study was to estimate the total gelada baboons, and determine their group size and age structure. This was investigated based on direct field observation method from August 2012 to March 2013. The study area was divided into seven counting blocks (Shinkurt Mikael, Chagel, Amanuel, Abba Dinkona, Wusha Gedel, Tekle Haimanot, and Set Debre). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Chisquare test was used to compare the sex and age ration, and their distribution among the counting blocks. The population size of gelada baboons was determined from direct total count. The average number of gelada baboons counted was 1608. Of these, adult males comprised 162, adult females 576, sub-adult males 121, sub-adult females 231, young 307 and infants 212. There was a significant difference among the different age groups of the total individuals counted in the study area (χ2=1002.657, df=5, p<0.05). There was unequal sex ratio in the individual count. The highest range of group size was recorded during the wet season (5-187 individuals) with the mean group size of 28.21; while the dry season, the range of group size was smaller (3-120 individuals) with the mean group size of 18.4

In this paper we describe a methodology for detecting preposition errors in the writing of ESL graduate learners. To investigate the nature of errors in the writing skill problems of graduate learners, two fifty graduate male and female learners randomly selected from four colleges and one university were asked to complete two writing skill tasks: Fifth word deletion and open composition test. The study is related to the research question: Why ESL graduate learners commit errors in their writing skills? (a) Prepositions, phrasal verbs and idiomatic phrases. It is detected that preposition overuse and preposition omission are the common problems for ESL. Besides, students deem prepositions quite tricky to use in their writing. So the findings show the wrong use of prepositions specifically ‘with, in, of’ and unnecessary insertion of prepositions. It is observed that errors are because of the interference of L1 in L2. Besides, the final results of the two tests showed that Prepositions (prepositional verbs, prepositional phrases, phrasal verbs, zero prepositions) are quite problematic for ESL learners. The learners try to put prepositions on the same patterns of L1 which ultimately leads them towards errors.

This study aims at investigating the impact of team work traits on organizational citizenship behavior viewpoint of the employees in the education directorates in north region of Jordan. Five dimensions of work team traits were included in the study: clear goals, open communications, conflict management, clearly defined role, and participating leadership, on the other hand, organizational citizenship behavior was measured by five dimensions: altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, civic virtue, conscientiousness. The study population consists of all employees in the education directorates centers in Jordan north region. A random sample included four directorates (the First Irbid, Mafraq, Jerash, Ajloun) was chosen, The researcher used the descriptive and analytical methods, and (300) questionnaires were distributed to the study sample to collect data.

Heterogeneity in longevity between socioeconomic groups is increasingly documented for developed economies and is reviewed in the paper. Heterogeneity in life expectancy disaggregated by main socioeconomic characteristics – such as age, gender, race, health, education, profession, income, and wealth – is sizable and has not declined in recent decades. The prospects for future decline are not strong, either; perhaps even to the contrary. As heterogeneity is closely linked to income or earnings (i.e., the contribution base of earnings-related retirement income programs such as social security benefits and private sector life annuities) and as heterogeneity is empirically sizable, the result is major implicit taxes for some groups –particularly the less educated and low earners –and major subsidies for other groups – particularly highly educated individuals and high-income earners. The implications for retirement income reform and scheme design are substantial as taxes/subsidies counteract the envisaged effects of (i) a closer contribution-benefit link, (ii) a later formalretirement age to address population aging, and (iii) more individual funding and private annuities to compensate forreduced public generosity.

Migration is a form of geographical mobility between one geographical units (origin) to a certain destination generally involving a change of residence from a place to the place of arrival (destination). It involves a permanent or temporary change of residence from one neighborhood settlement (Administrative Unit); this process is also out migration. Moving to a particular location is defined as immigration (Kebede, 1994). In the p ast years rural to urban migration in developed countries grew during the time of industrialization, when more mechanized farming needed few agricultural workers in the rural area and when there was demand for labor in urban based industries. But this is not always the case in developing countries are more a function of rural problems than the urban attractions (Kenfe, 2001:46).

This study investigated the influence of attitude, preparation, and physical self-concept on the emotional expectations of menarche among premenarcheal school girls. For the study, 97 premenarcheal school girls were randomly selected from grades of three to seven at YewketFana primary school. Questionnaire on menstrual attitudes, physical self concept, and menarcheal preparation were adapted and distributed among the sample participants. Correlation and regression analysis were used to know the influence of attitude, preparation and physical self concept on emotional expectation of menarche. Results showed that, though premenarcheal school girls prepared themselves by getting the menstrual information mainly from their mother, it was found inadequate. Majority of the premenarcheal school girls had negative emotional expectations of their menarche, and also influenced by different variables. Findings of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that menstrual attitude, physical self concept, and menarcheal preparation were factors influencing emotional expectations of menarche among premenarcheal school girls in YewketFanaPrimry School.

Globalization of economic processes requires an adequate transformation of the economic Sciences. In the modern world the globalization of factors and results of production leads to the formation of global relations of ownership and governance. It modifies the subject field of General economic theory, and generates the global political economy. The essence of its subject is the relationship of the global ownership and the resulting global economic contradictions. The methodological toolkit of global political economy reflects the particularities of contemporary scientific knowledge due to the new phenomena of globalization. Global political economy is the methodological-theoretical basis of all Sciences, studying global economic system. At the same time it is a special branch of the modern system of economic Sciences, characterizing by the spatio-temporal specificity of subject and methodThe proposed approach is an alternative to the common preceding scientific interpretations of global political economy as, in fact, the international economic politology.

Feedback can have different forms and functions depending on its objectives as well as its provider: teacher feedback, student feedback, peer feedback, written feedback, oral feedback, etc. One of the most constructive forms of feedback may be peer feedback, since it involves group learning (Van Gennip, Segers and Tillema, 2010). According to Topping (1998, p. 250) peer feedback is “an agreement in which individuals consider the amount, level, value, worth, quality, or success of the products or outcomes of learning of peers of similar status.” Cunningham (1992) argues that the interaction and communication that result fromthe production of feedback get more important in online instructional courses than in face to face courses, because, in his view, nothing can bring about learning more than the dialogue among the community members. Hewitt (2000) and Tuzi (2004) also emphasize the importance of peer feedback in online environments and point out that in such environments peer feedback can influence the students’ outcomes more than in face-to-face environments because of the ease of communication as well as the absence of affective factors. Thus, researchers believe that deep learning can take place in online settings in which students give and receive feedback from one another in a calm, stress-free and individualized environment.What do we know about feedback from previous research?