Background: Youth employment presents a particular challenge to Ethiopia; the country faces growing youth landlessness in rural areas and insignificant rural job creation, potentially leading to an increase in migration to urban areas. Objective: The main objective of this study is so to identify and describe the determinants of youth unemployment in Ethiopia. Design: The sampling technique employed was multistage stratified cluster sampling. Results: The study is made based on the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) which was conducted by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia. The analyses result revealed that about 10.4% of the youth are unemployed while 89.6% are employed. The regional variations, access to electric power, age, gender, access to market information, economic status of their families and youth’s educational level are found to be the significant determinants of youth unemployment in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The government should facilitate formalization of informal employment sector in order to motivate more youth to engage in different activities which are currently considered to be informal. This will help to reduce the problem of youth unemployment especially on skilled and educated youth in both urban and rural areas.

Wireless local area network (WLAN) provides robust high quality service at a low cost and is a an essential part of everyday web browsing, file exchange, texting, e-mailing and to access live audio/video streams at homes, in public places such parks and airports, and in private places such as offices, enterprise environments, retail stores, and hotels. The adoption of the technology is also increasing in services providing emergency relief measures and in service mechanisms of public safety to ensure quick channel access for several emergency situations at the same time with critical assurances of a hard-and-fast guaranteed quality of service (QoS). The technology is being developed for guaranteed high rates of transmissions for the future of large scale wide area networks implemented at present using mostly wired networks. The advantages of wireless local area networks (WLANs) over wired local area network are many including the ease of fast network access and have at the same time several challenges in providing signal stability, issues of security provisioning, and ensuring usage based on scalable environments. In this paper we investigate in the WLANs the various existing problems, the challenges faced in solving these problems, and the direction of current research activities in providing Quality of Service..

Despite several studies in the field of job satisfaction, troublesome areas are still evident. There is still controversy as to whether specific sample may be assessed using instruments which were largely developed based on a dissimilar type of sample other than the one under study. With focus on the problematic area, we derived the purpose for our study. The purpose of the present study is to examine Job Satisfaction Survey’s (JSS) relevance for estimation of job satisfaction in teacher population in Uganda. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, using structural equation modelling technique was used to assess the model fit in 208 primary school teachers in Uganda. Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the teachers’ sample did not support the existence of the original 9 facet model by (Spector, 1985), suggesting that some of the JSS’s sub scales do not reflect teachers’ job satisfaction within the context of Uganda. The best model in the present study was determined to be a four factor solution model, including promotion, supervision, fringe benefits and nature of work. In view of study’s originality/value; the current wave of changes in the education sector in Uganda demand validated scales that can address job context specific requirements to follow-up va riations in the satisfaction levels of primary school teachers, an area least addressed in literature in Uganda, which this study has fulfilled.

Background: Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is a key component of globally accepted safe motherhood programs, which helps ensure women to reach professional delivery care when labor begins and to reduce delays that occur when mothers is in labor& experience obstetric complications. Objective: To assess the magnitude and factors associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women attending antenatal care services at public health facilities in Debrebirhan town, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional facility based study was used. The required sample size was 356. The collected data was coded and entered to Epi-Info version 3.5.1 and transferred to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Only 53.9% with 95% CI (48.9, 59.0) of the respondents were well prepared for birth and its complication. Variables having statistically significant association with BPCR of women were knowledge of BPCR (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.16, 3.73), PNC follow-up (AOR 2.79, 95% CI=1.73, 4.48) and early ANC visit (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.11, 3.83). Conclusions: The finding of this study showed that it is not enough to bring positive change for preparedness of birth and its complication. Knowledge on BPCR planned PNC follow-up, and early ANC follow up were independent factors of birth preparedness and complication readiness.

Technological advances witnessed in cochlear implant (CI) devices, most CI users can now achieve reliable speech intelligibility in controlled quiet scenarios, particularly in predictable conversations. Environmental distortions, such as reverberation and additive noise, on the other hand, are known to significantly degrade speech intelligibility. This paper validates a novel approach to predict speech intelligibility for Cochlear Implant users (CIs) in reverberant environments. First, energy thresholding is proposed to reduce the variability caused by the differences in modulation spectral representations for different phonemes and speakers, as well as speech enhancement algorithm artifacts. Second, a narrower range of Fourier domain based echo Filter is employed to reduce fundamental frequency effects. Results indicate substantial improvements in intelligibility over that attained by human listeners with unprocessed stimuli. The findings from this study show that algorithm can estimate reliably the SNR and can improve speech intelligibility.

We face a business need of discovering a pattern in locations of a great number of points in a high-dimensional space. We assume that there should be a certain structure, so that in some locations the points are close while in other locations the points are more dispersed. Our goal is to group the close points together. The process of grouping close objects is known under the name of clustering. 1.We are particularly interested in a hierarchical structure. A plain structure may reduce the number of objects, but the data are still difficult to manage or present. 2.The classical technique suited for the task at hand is a B-Tree. The key properties of the B-Tree are that it is hierarchical and balanced, and it can be dynamically constructed from the input data. In these terms, B-Tree has certain advantages over other clustering algorithms, where the number of clusters needs to be defined a priori. The BTree approach allows to hope that the structure of input data will be well determine without any supervised learning. 3.The space is Euclidean and isotropic. This is the most challenging part of the project, because currently there are no B-Tree implementations processing indices in a symmetrical and isotropical way. Some known implementations are based on constructing compound asymmetrical indices from point coordinates, where the main index works as a key, while the function of other (999!) indices is lost; and the other known implementations split the nodes along the coordinate hyper-planes, sacrificing the isotropy of the original space. In the latter case the clusters become coordinate parallelepipeds, which is a rather artificial and unnecessary assumption. Our implementation of a B Tree for a high-dimensional space is based directly on concepts of factor analysis. 4.We need to process a great deal of data, something like tens of millions of points in a thousand-dimensional space. The application has to be scalable, even though, technically, out task is not con

This article has the challenge to discuss the ambivalent relationship between arrival in the power through concessions to conservative sectors of society, foreshadowed in the "letter to the Brazilian people" and the discourse of the struggle for power based on the argument of search for relevant social gains, in which part of the Brazilian left is immersed since the victory of Workers Party in 2002 in the presidential election in Brazil. Here are the actors and the main events that give basis for the proposed discussion. To give theoretical basis, we analyze the case in light of Marxian theory, seeking to enable reflections on the question: some sectors of the Brazilian left, do not perform structural failure in the power system in the country, made the social reformism and economic conservative as a search of power, articulating the cooling of tensions between the classes? We conclude that the proposed reformism is a mechanism not completely abandoned the search for social justice proposals, however, it is the exclusion of any possibility of structural changes, whether the values in the order or in the structure of domination.

This paper presents results from a recent fieldwork in Nigeria and explores the socio-economic dimension of gender as it relates to agriculture in the fadama areas of North-Central Nigeria. Findings reveal the central role women play in smallholder agriculture and how this is shaped by complex social processes that are inextricably linked with power relations. Through direct and indirect agricultural activities, women provide the bulk of the labor in smallholder agriculture. This is often in addition to the central role they play in maintaining the family structure. Notwithstanding their input to agricultural production and the family, women in the study areas are greatly disadvantaged as demonstrated by cultural practices that exclude them from owning the primary means of production, land and relegate them to the status of second class citizens. This prejudicial position of women in these communities was found out to be the result of multifaceted factors that include cultural practices which understands ‘the woman in a certain way’ and thus constructs her identity and role accordingly.

Design, setting, participants & measurements: One hundred and eight patients presented to the University College Hospital Galway, Ireland (UCHG) with upper gastro-intestinal symptoms were included in the study. There were 52 males with age range 18-82 years, mean age 49 years, and 56 females, age range 20-83 years, mean age 52 years. They were grouped according to the endoscopic findings into 4 groups (i) Duodenal Ulcer (DU), (ii) Gastric Ulcer (GU), (iii) Gastritis (GS), & (iv) Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia (NUD). Five milliliter of venous blood was taken in a sterile plain tube; the serum was separated and stored at -70 C0 for ELISA assay. Endoscopy was carried out and at least 4 biopsies were obtained, 2 from the antrum and 2 from the first part of the duodenum (duodenal bulb). One biopsy each from the antrum and duodenum was transferred immediately into a sterile container containing 2 mL of RPMI 1640. The other biopsy specimens one from the antrum and one from the duodenum were processed for histological examination. The serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori and local IgA and IgG were measured by an ELISA test.

We report a case of a sympathetic ophthalmia that occurred after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for a retinal detachment. Case report: A 36-year-old men suffering from high myopia underwent 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the right eye amblyopic. Endolaser photocoagulation and C2F6 gas tamponade were used to manage several retinal holes. Three weeks after the initial surgery, he returned with a 2-day history of reduced vision and metamorphopsia in his left eye. Slit- lamp examination showed a shallow anterior chamber in the right eye and moderate anterior uveitis bilaterally. Fundus examination showed applied retina in the right eye and multifocal serous retinal detachments in the left one. A diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia was made and the patient was treated with intensive topical and systemic steroids. The subretinal fluid cleared in following treatment. Twelve months after the onset of inflammation, the patient’s condition was stable on a combination of oral cyclosporine and topical steroids. Sunset glow retinal changes remain, but there has been no evidence of recurrent inflammation. Conclusion: Sympathetic ophthalmia can develop after 25- gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy despite its smaller sclerotomy size. We recommend that special care should be taken to inspect for adequate closure of sclerotomy sites at the end of this operation.