Bangladesh is a developing country and agriculture is the main largest sector of the economy. About 80% people are directly or indirectly depended on the agriculture for their livelihood. This sector Contributes 35.47% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and this sector provides about 63% employment for the workforce. Most of the farmers are illiterate and for that reason they do not have the ability to sell their products to the final consumers. Consequently, middlemen are playing marketing role and due to this reason, farmer are not getting fair price for their products. Ministry of local Government & Cooperative Society can play vital role to bring forming within the framework of Cooperative Society and can minimize the role of middlemen of marketing agricultural products of Bangladesh.

Introduction: Choledochal cyst not an uncommon encountered pediatric surgical practices. Advances in technology have impacted timing of diagnosis. Advances in instrumentation and surgical access have added yet another way of excion. But the exact impact of early diagnosis on surgery of choledochal cysts have not been analysed and reported. Hence this attempt to analyse the three periods of choledochal cyst, namely 1. PTC (Percutaneous Trans-hepatic Cholangiography) and ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio – pancreatography), 2. USG (Ultrasonography) and CT Scan (Computerised Tomography era, and 3 .Period of MRCP (Magnetic Resonnace Cholangio –Pancreaticography) with reagrds to impact of early diagnosis in the management of Choledochal cysts. Materials and Methods: A total of 205 cases of choledochal cysts treated by the team were analysed. The data retrieval was from aaself developed Microsoft Access based soft ware used by senior pediatric surgeon.

The effect of the Fuel Performance Catalyst (FPC) on the different diesel properties namely density, viscosity and flashpoint of biofuel has been investigated. The biodiesel-petro-diesel blends concentrations (Vol %) of B10, B20 and B30 have been analyzed with the pure biodiesel (B100) and petro-diesels (B0) as upper and lower boundaries respectively. The results indicated that the FPC: Diesel fuel ratio of 1: 10 100 did not have a significant effect on density and viscosity of the biofuel at a temperatures of 20 °C to 80 °C. The observed increase in flash point as blend concentration increased may be considered as good results with respect to safety and fuel handling requirements. The FPC lowered the flash point marginally; this can be good for ignition of fuel in combustion ignition engines and can be attributed to the observed reduction in fuel viscosity and density as studied in this work.

The aim of the article was answer the main research question if ex ante regulation using LRIC (“Long run incremental costs”) model is appropriate for Access relevant markets regulation on economic small markets, especially in time of NGN (next generation networks). LRIC model is the strongest regulation which can be imposed by regulators in some EU country. European Commission defined two relevant Access markets susceptible to “ex ante” regulation. The new recommendation of the European Commission (EC 2007) on relevant markets defined Market 4 (previously Market 11) as the market for wholesale (physical) network infrastructure Access (also local loop unbundling) at fixed location and market 5 as Broadband Access (include only bit stream Access).

The paper aimed at displaying the necessity of rewriting Chagga history (one of the numerous African microhistories) with reference to ethno-anthropological distortions and misconceptions made over the centuries. Amid this objective history recorders are called upon to rewrite African history, a bigger entity formed by local and regional African histories. After the definition of keywords (Chagga, Chaggaland, history, microhistory, historicism, historiography, anthropology, and ethnology), the paper’s relevance was embedded in the realization that rewriting history is a never-ending exercise and due to that fact, history (microhistories in particular) should be rewritten continuously. The towering finding of the paper was that it is imperative to rewrite Chagga history because, as it is the case with African history, for quite a long time Chagga culture has been misunderstood and as a result distorted by least informed foreign historians, anthropologists and ethnologists. Using an historical-linguistic and ethno-anthropological methodology, the paper came up with the conclusion that there can only be correct African history if there are correct African microhistories, Chagga history being one of them.

The aim of this study is to observe the current state of ICT (information and communications technology) in the urban areas of Bangladesh as well as make some recommendations for the shortcomings of e service in urban areas in Bangladesh. Data were collected from the various journals of Bangladesh government as well as English newspapers, although the study is mainly descriptive in nature. The study finds that Bangladesh has made progress in the urban lifestyle regarding Computer training, e-Insurance , Banking facilities, Payment of rural electricity bill facility, Health services, Creation of jobs, Union digital center Blog, District e- service center –settlement record, National e-service system (NESS),Life and earning oriented national e-information book having life and earning oriented data, Mobile Key-pad and the opening of SMS in Bangla, My alphabet, National portal framework and website, Multimedia class room and digital summary,E –book ,online application management of non govt.

Creative Art was introduced into Ghana’s primary school curriculum in 2007. Comprising Performing, Literary and Visual Arts, Creative Art was intended to foster creativity development among primary pupils. However, Creative Art is taught by generalist classroom teachers who lack the specialized training, knowledge, skill and experience to identify efficient teaching-learning strategies that allow pupils to actively participate in art making experiences. This study adopted action research to guide 20 Lower Primary teachers in two schools to design and teach activity-based lessons in drawing, colourwork, weaving, printmaking, composition, and assemblage to 95 pupils using clay, crayons, drums, cardboard, glue, among other resources. The intervention workshops proved that in-service education and training could build the professional capacity of generalist teachers in Ghana to effectively implement the Creative Arts curriculum for primary schools. Ghana Education Service should train primary teachers if the objective of developing creative thinkers through Creative Arts could be achieved.

The geo-political entity defined as Nigeria remained the most enduring hangover of the British colonialism. Before the 1914 popular amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates, each of the over 250 ethnic groups that make up Nigerian State existed to some extent independently and distinctively in culture and tradition, but not that they were not interacting with one another in favourable term. What happened in the 1914 episode of the northern and southern unification was reminiscence of a marriage, which may not be so pleasant but cannot be easily divorced. Consequently, the British displayed their political craft by introducing federalism. Still, the 1914 exercise it did not bring to bear the desired integration and inter-group relations. Arising from the problems inherent with federalism or federal arrangement, Federal Character Principle was introduced as a therapy. The degree to which the policy has achieved its fundamental historic objectives in terms of nation building and inter-group relations casts serious doubt on scholarship and therefore demands analytical academic exploration. The relevance of this study is anchored on the understanding of why despite the rich content of the policy of Federal Character as fulcrum, national integration and expected objective of inter-group relations has not been adequately achieved. The problematic this raises is that, are there some issues with its operation and application? This study identifies issues and options that may facilitate national integration and inter-group relations in Nigeria within the context of Federal Character Policy. The cardinal issues raises among others are; the confusion of citizenship and indigeneship in Nigerian constitution, northsouth dichotomy, challenges of mass mobilisation, the increasing lacuna between the ruling class the mass etc. Using structural plurality theory, the paper advocates for value re-orientation, patriotism, honesty and fairness, credible population censuses

This paradigmatic and pragmatic analytic-reviewing-recommendarystudy aims at entrenching the notion of participatory development/community participation and community capacity building for sustainability in rural water supply. The study’s review covers introductory background in participatory development/community participation and community capacity building that lead towards sustainability in rural water supply. The study reviews Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Lesotho context, community participation in rural water supply, participatory development and capacity building for sustainability and community based management (CBM) for rural water supply systems.

This is a research study examining the perceptions of Lesotho’s rural communities on their contribution towards sustainable rural water supply/RWSsystems. It is a Beneficiary Assessment Approach study and observatory study. In an effort to improve the quality of results that development interventions exhibit, development practitioners engage in beneficiary assessment. The approach gives researchers information that assists in assessing the value on an activity as perceived by its prime users (Salmen, 1995:1). Kumasarisi (2009:2) submits that beneficiary assessment enhances the sustainability of demand-driven development interventions; therefore, it is useful in pointing out bottlenecks to participation faced by target groups. It also uncovers reactions and views that beneficiaries have on the implemented interventions as well as opening up new information that would otherwise not be known.