This is a research study that reveals some nature of the contribution of Lesotho’s communities in capital and management costs and the influence of financial contributions on perceptions of ownership of rural water supply systems/RWSSs. The study is about perceptions of rural communities on ownership and management of RWSSs in Lesotho. The research further includes a summarizing recommendary view on these aspects.Research methodology encompassed semi-structured interview guides, focus group discussions and beneficiary assessment methods in Mahlabatheng, Masapong and Machache rural areas in the district of Maseru. Interviews also covered the Department of Rural Water Supply/DRWS located in Maseru city in Lesotho.

The aim of this research study is to provide an analytic view of some demographic aspects of rural households in need of clean water in Lesotho, their lack of clean water problems and possible solutions to their non-functioning Rural Water Supply Systems/RWSSs. This is part of the findings of a continuous research study based on interviews, observations and secondary data analysis. The study is based on the 41 randomly sampled respondents. Rural households and water committees of the following rural villages served as randomly sampled respondents: Makotoko, Nazaretha and Machache in the district of Maseru. The research study provides the demographic aspects of Lesotho’s rural households and their clean water supply problems and possible solutions as an analytic overview.

This research study is an analytic conceptual framework aiming at understanding factors essential to obtain sustainability in rural communities’ water supply systems. The basis of the study is on observations and desk-study or literature reviewing. Its aim is to determine factors necessary for obtaining sustainability in rural communities’ water supply systems. The analytic review covers general conclusions in community participation in Rural Water System/RWS, perceptions of communities on underlying issues pertaining to sustainable management of Rural Water Supply System/RWSS and factors towards sustainability of RWSS. Illumination of these intensifies understanding of all aspects that contribute to sustainability in the topic of rural water supply or RWS. The study covers typologies of community participation in rural water supply, perceptions of community and sustainability and conceptual framework for sustainable rural water system services.

In previous papers, see the references, the author introduced methods for estimating effects directly in samples of individuals whose genomes had be sequenced for the cases of one and two or more quantitative traits. In these papers, no attention was given to developing procedures of testing the statistical significance of the estimated effects. This paper is devoted to the development of statistical tests of significance of estimated effects for the simple case of one autosomal locus with two alleles, using Monte Carlo simulation methods. Because no real data was available to the author, artificial data for the three genotypes was simulated by using a Monte Carlo simulation procedures with fixed sample size for each genotypes as well as expectations and variances. In all cases considered, the null hypothesis was described in detail so as to inform a reader on the basic concepts underlying the proposed tests of statistical significance.

The fuel spray in gasoline engines problem has been an issue of importance for creating a suitable mixture during the engine load and speed variation to avoid knocking. This paper describes theoretical and experimental investigations for an important stage of injected gasoline called the primary fuel spray. This stage two dimensional (2D) is challenging because of the difficulty in determining velocity and length at very short time, so it was studied specially the dispersion of the sheet by using the linear instability sheet atomizer model (LISA). Experimentally the Phase Doppler Anemometer (PDA) is used at laboratory of Cardiff university to check the sheet length. The paper concerned on study the effects of some parameters on primary spray characteristics like as liquid fuel sheet thickness, velocity and length which are described the initial value of the fuel spray droplet. Injection pressure was varied 5, 13 and 14 MPa under combustion chamber pressure (ambient pressure) (0.1, 0.5 MPa), while the nozzle diameters is varied (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mm). LISA model was used to solve this stage of spray by using Pressure-Swirl type of injector. The results show at an increase of the injection pressure, the velocity increased, while the sheet thickness and length were decreased. When the ambient pressure was increased; sheet velocity decrease and slightly decreasing happened in sheet length and thickness. Comparison the results with experimental results showed a good agreement.

This paper is concerned with the influence of the Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK) on poverty alleviation in Maseno and Winam Divisions of Kisumu District. It analyses some of the development activities the ACK is involved in as an attempt to improve the local people’s standard of living. Poverty is an outrage against humanity. It robes people of their dignity, power and hope of freedom and power over their own lives. This paper seeks to affirm that the Christian Churches in their teachings believe and insist that the world can be changed to one where everyone can live a full life, free from poverty. Similarly, the paper argues that any work for profound change that eradicates causes of poverty, striving to achieve equality, dignity and freedom for all regardless of faith or nationality is an indelible work of the Christian Church as amplified in the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The paper concludes that the ACK has made some progress in its efforts to alleviate poverty and at the same time faced several challenges in Maseno and Winam Divisions. Making education available to the community members, providing primary health care, training small-scale farmers on marketing their products, and creating employment opportunities are the most outstanding achievements and major contribution of the ACK to poverty alleviation efforts. Some of the major challenges faced by the Church in carrying out its activities include; lack of support from the people themselves, political interference, and corruption, mismanagement of financial and human resources combined with impending moral, social and cultural issues.

The results of this study show that Kien Giang has an abundant youth laborer force; 43% of laborers are between the ages 15 to 29, most of whom are involved in the handicraft sector and non-agriculture wage employment, while most laborers aging between 45 and 60 are involved in agricultural work. However, laborers had a difficult time finding jobs after participating in career training because the quality of training was not high and because the duration of training was short. Of those being trained, 51% received training in industrial and construction professions.

This work deals with modeling and operation optimization of lab-scale continuous biochemical reactor. Wastewater is feeding to reactor contaminated with different concentration of glucose. The reactor is non-linear with stochastic changing in optimum operating conditions. Simulated model could develop the process and generate extra-confirmed data. The selected process variables are: dilution rate (D), feed substrate concentration (Si), pH and temperature (T). Simulated model could develop the process and generate extra-confirmed data. The effect of D was observed within Si of 20 g/L, while pH and T are affecting within Si of 60 g/L.Si has major effect on dynamic characteristics of the reactor. Reasonable agreement has been found when compared the simulated result with the previous work. Optimization technique helps the decision maker to select best operating conditions. This could reduce the risk of experimental runs and consumed cost for operating and design. Global Genetic algorithm (GA) has been found more reliable than deterministic search for the bioreactor. Optimization results are based on maximizing biomass growth. Optimal results indicate that maximum biomass concentration (X) is 80.57 g/L could be obtained at high value of Si (197.56 g/L) and low D (0.1hr-1 ).Si is sensitive variable for stochastic mutation of biomass growth.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the need for citizen participation in local governance and sustainability of programmes in order to strengthen democracy and repositioning the local governments to meet the challenges of development. Any system of government is primarily constituted to provide services required by the citizens and this could be achieved effectively through participatory mechanisms. Hence, citizen participation in local government affairs will bring about development programmes in direct contact with the people and encourage them to become initiative and innovative. In this paper attempt was made to highlight the concept of participation, the structure of local government, participatory programmes for development and review of related experience for local citizen participation. On the basis of the finding, some recommendation such as well established democratic structure of local government to enhance citizenship participation, local officials should be engage in capacity building and innovative spirit to improve the delivery of services and also government should design a people orientated development programmes at all levels.

Purpose: to apply, analyze and discuss the results of the Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) in two groups of elderly people with hearing loss, consistent with presbycusis, who wear hearing aids, but are in different socioeconomic and cultural levels. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. The study included 85 elderly people with presbycusis, divided into: Group A (those in a higher cultural socioeconomic level); and Group B (subjects with less favored socioeconomic cultural status). All participants responded to a specific interview, underwent pure tone audiometry for air and bone conduction and underwent a Random Gap Detection Test. Results: the group with higher socioeconomic and cultural status responded significantly better to the test, while the less favored group had significant difficulties in understanding the purpose of the test. Conclusion: The RGDT seems to be influenced by socioeconomic and cultural issues. We suggest caution in its use in disadvantaged cultural and socioeconomic populations.