This study aims to determine the impact of the government complexity and regional government’s size on the human development index in North Sumatera province. This is an explanatory research survey. The variables used in the study are, namely; the government complexity, size of regional government and human development index. Meanwhile, the population involves all the 33 districts/cities in the North Sumatera with a sample taken from a period of 2005-2012 derived using the purposive sampling approach. In addition, The respondents of this study is on the government apparatus who represent the human development programs’ planners in several offices involved in the Tanjungbalai city and Asahan, South Labuhan Batu, North Labuhan Batu and Batubara districts with the number of 88 people selected as the sample using the purposive random sampling method. The returned questionnaires were 62 questionnaires. This study is a mixture of quantitative and qualitative studies. The result of the study has revealed that simultaneously and partially that the government complexity and the regional government’s size variables simultaneously affect the human development index in North Sumatera.

This paper analyzed corruption in Africa using Nigeria as a case study. It states that corruption is alien to Africa and that a sizable number of African pre-colonial nations – states were founded on strong ethical values ensuring social justice and compliance. The paper therefore argues that colonialism imported corruption to Africa and by extension Nigeria. It explains corruption from different perspectives and concluded that corruption is innate and deep seated in Nigeria particularly in the public sector. The paper then identified non – conformity religious tenets, values, culture, ethnicity, favoritisms, nepotism and weak legal systems among others as the causes of corruption in Nigeria. Thus the paper finds four factors as the costs of corruption in the country – political, economic, social and environmental. Finally, the paper put forward nine points as possible options and frame-work for curbing corruption in Nigeria.

The objective in this Paper is to expose the extend of the salary gate scandal in the Zimbabwean Parastatals sector, what the various stakeholders have said about the unraveling scandal and what remedial action has been taken against the perpetrators of the said scandal. Thereafter, the Author will proffer a Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation to wrap up the discourse.

Electron microscopy is useful in studying the interactions between S. aureus and polyurethane nanoparticles as good models for bacteria-polymer relations. A valuable ensemble of investigation tools allows not only to understand the cellular dynamics, but provides information about nanoparticles delivery (to host cells and consequently to tissues and organs) as well. Analysis of the electron images can bring better comprehension of processes such as adhesion, in response to the reciprocal attraction between nanoparticles and cells, and endocytosis. Understanding the course of nanoparticles, we can suppose the existence of reversible mechanisms (exocytosis), and clear up how bacteria-host cells interactions work. Electron microscopy gives helpful answers for the research in toxicology and raises new questions about the relations between bacteria and polymeric materials

Production of α-amylase enzyme by Bacillus Lichenoformis using stirred tank fermentor (BIOSTAT – E) was carried out. The strain was obtained from National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. Corn starch is used as the substrate. The enzyme production was studied by changing the various parameters like temperature, pH, rpm and substrate concentration. The enzyme activity shows maximum at a temperature of 350C – 370C, pH 8 and 300 rpm. The maximum enzyme production was achieved, for 1% concentration of cornstarch at 35.60C and pH 9 using the fermentation medium contains yeast extract and peptone and the enzyme activity was found to be 55.93 DUN/ml. Since the cost of yeast extract and peptone is very high, so the further work was done using some low cost carbon and nitrogen sources like defatted cotton seed, defatted soya flour and mustard seed which are extracted from agricultural byproducts. The enzyme activity for using the low cost medium was found to be nearly triple such as 121.49 DUN/ml. The enzyme production reaches the steady phase at 24 hours. So it is highly recommended that using the low cost medium for the α-amylase enzyme gives better biomass cell concentration and enzyme activity as well.

The current study evaluated the differences in soil and biomass carbon (BC) stocks of native forest, annual crop field and coffee based agroforestry at Gera, South-west Ethiopia. A total of 24 sample plots were collected by Stratified random sampling method. After measuring the required parameters; BC (above and below ground), and SOC, texture, bulk density and pH were analyzed. The results showed that, BC significantly varied with land use types. On the other hand, the SOC under native forest and coffee based agroforestry has no significant difference, while it shows significant difference under the annual crop field. The present study indicated that, the total carbon stock in the native forest is greater than coffee based agroforestry which shows much greater difference than annual crop field. This may indicate that, conversion of annual crop field to coffee based agroforestry can increases carbon stock and sequestration potential in the study area.

Many health risks associated with Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) drive the demand for its control. Adsorption studies of AFM1 were performed using activated charcoal (AC) and imarsil (0.5, 1 or 2%) at aflatoxin contamination rates of 9, 231 or 456 ng/L for 5 h at 4, 16, 28 and 32oC. The aflatoxinadsorbing capabilities of the two adsorbents depend on the adsorbent, adsorbent concentration, contact time and treatment temperature. At 4, 16 and 28oC, Imarsil demonstrated significant reductions (p<0.05) at the highest contamination rate and adsorbent concentration; while at 32oC, significant reductions (p<0.05) were observed at all contamination rates and adsorbent concentrations. However, at all treatment temperatures AC exhibited a very poor adsorbent capacity, except at 32oC where a mild activity was only exhibited at the highest contamination rates and adsorbent concentration. Results from the present study indicate that imarsil demonstrates a potential for aflatoxin reduction in the developing tropical world.

In recent years, water exploitation has become greater for many reasons such as population growth, industrial development, urbanization growth and consequently increased demand for food products. Hence the rate of exploitation and consumption ground water become greater than recharge of them, in other words input of ground water system is less than its output and system with negative balance sheet has positive feedback and it is collapsing. Thus it is very significant to determine the suitable position for Artificial Recharge of ground water. One of the management methods for water resources is Multi Criteria Decision Making. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for dealing with complex decisions that was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1980 year. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. The base of this model is comparing variables by pair wise by Matrix relationship. In this way, pair wise of the effective variables on the concrete Pavement were considered and based on relative weights the output was extent. In the present research, combination of Indexing system Method with Analytical Hierarchy Process has been applied to assess the Selection of most appropriate area to establish soil damp for artificial recharge of underground aquifers. The findings of the research show that zone 3 with 0/3606 points promotes in first rank among 5 studied zones and thus it is the most appropriate zone for Artificial Recharge of ground waters, in contrast zone 5 with 0/1731 point goes down to the last rank and so it isn`t suitable for Artificial Recharge and zones (2,4,1) are located in next ranks.

In recent years, coincide with population growth and industrial expansion, in many countries in the world,Extract water of underground sources expanded and annual withdrawal of ground water is higher than the annual feeding. This means extracting and using the water in layers that has been saved over thousands of years in the underground. Consequently groundwater levels in the area will be extracted every day and eventually drop where the water will not exist. While proper management and control of these resources will eliminate the problems of drop in water level. One way to managing groundwater resources is artificial recharge of groundwater and determine suitable locations for these purpose. growth and development trend of Mashhad city and excessive Extracting of ground water in recent years, has been essential groundwater resources management strategy in the region more than ever implied. The purpose of this study is Zoning Mashhad watershed for artificial recharge of underground aquifers using TOPSIS Model and GIS technique. TOPSIS algorithm is a Multi Criteria Decision Making, a type of compensatory model and an adaptable subgroup with strong ability to solve multi alternative problems because of having ability to overlap indicators in weak and power points . In this model, if quantitative criteria can change in to qualitative criteria, qualitative criteria can be used besides quantitative criteria. In aforementioned model, it is supposed that each indicator and criterion has steady increasing and decreasing utility in decision making matrix; it means if criteria gain more positive amount, they will be more appropriate, on the contrary the more negative amount, the less appropriate. The result and findings of different studies show that in TOPSIS method, zone 3 with (0/669) point promotes in first rank among 5 studied zones and thus it is the most appropriate zone to establish the proper area for artificial recharge of underground aquifers , in contrast zone 1

High quality video broad casting is of high demand both with DVB-2 (Digital Video Broad casting) and Internet services. But these broadcasted data is distributed without protection. Invisible mode of video watermarking is one of the solutions, here in this paper a novel approach of data embedding scheme is proposed for MPEG-4 videos with different parity check codes and processed in transform domain. A subjective and objective analysis is performed to examine the proposed approach. Experimental results on various videos have shown that LDPC (Low density parity check) code with Gold spreading sequence in transform domain outperforms when compared against the other methods.