The reason of this study was to evaluate the action of oxidative stress (OS) induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin in 7-14 day old chicks. H2O2 at 0.5 % v/v in drinking water induced OS in age 7-14 of the chicks when given freshly. The analgesic Median Effective Dose (ED50) and acute Median Lethal Dose (LD50) values of aspirin have been measured here for the first time and show decreased by 28 and 14 % in the stressed (H2O2 group) of chicks, respectively suggesting an increase of aspirin efficacy and lethality at the same time. Furthermore, there is an increase in the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of aspirin in the H2O2 group of chicks by 228, 275 and 61 %, respectively when compared to the control (H2O group) of chicks. Both plasma AST and ALT of the H2O2 group have a significant increase in concentrations when compared to H2O group of chicks which were both received aspirin at 150 mg/kg, i.m. The data of the present study assume that the analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects of aspirin altered by a state of OS induced with H2O2 in the chicks indicating the possible change in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of aspirin and therefore, should be recommended here to reduce the dose of aspirin in patients suffering from OS status.

The wave of democratization in the post cold war era has contributed to democratic transition in most African states. However, stability remains scarce in most of these nascent democracies. Borrowing from the experience of Nigeria in the fourth republic, the study examined whether lack of political power alternation undermines democratic stability. Using secondary data collected from documentary sources, a qualitative descriptive method of analysis, the study argues that lack of governmental turnover undermines democratic stability. Relying on the theory of post-colonial state, we demonstrated that the limited autonomy of the Nigerian state and its employment as a means of primitive accumulation by the ruling elite has led to intense struggle on the one hand by the ruling party to retain itself perpetually in power and a corresponding struggle on the other hand by the opposition to change the status quo. As a corollary, we note that while the ruling party uses the instrument of the state to repress the opposition and manipulate electoral processes in order to remain in power, the opposition struggle to liberate itself from repression and to capture state power. We noted that Nigeria’s experience in the period under investigation depicts lack of governmental turnover because the incumbent party has limited the political space by manipulating electoral processes and emasculating the opposition with the aid of state apparatus. We argue that this has heated up the polity and ignited vulgar politics expressed in political assassinations, pre and post electoral crises and rise in activities of insurgents in the country. The study avers that strengthening of state institutions would reduce impunity, increase possibility of power alternation and ipso facto enhance democratic stability in Nigeria.

Alibaba has become the largest online and mobile commerce company in the world in just a few years and barely anyone expected it to be so successful. It has provided numerous business opportunities for small and medium enterprises to leverage the innovative technology to compete more efficiently domestically and globally. This study does not attempt to describe Alibaba as a perfect business; rather it discuss the marketing strategies, promotion, distribution channels and some important lessons that were carried out by Jack Ma to achieve success in this complex world of online trading. In this literature review, we examine a few key factors of Alibaba’s success such as its specific marketing strategies, various challenges, its strong branding image, superior customer value proposition, better shopping experience, huge sales volume and economies of scale.

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of the cloven-hoofed animals leading to severe economic losses to livestock industry. The disease is clinically characterized by pyrexia, vesicles on the mouth, muzzle, tongue, teats, inter digital space etc with high morbidity and low mortality in affected adults. However, the immunesuppression due to Foot-and-mouth disease virus may lead to development of secondary bacterial infection in the affected animals as a cause of mortality. Many of such secondary bacterial invaders have been reported. The present study revealed Pseudomonas spp. as monoculture from an outbreak leading to mortality in cattle and buffaloes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous bacterium, known to cause nosocomial infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and respiratory system infections are supposed to produce high case fatality rate in immune-suppressed host due to severe toxaemia and drug resistance. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test. Of the 10 antibiotics tested, bacteria were highly resistant to amoxyclav, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, intermediate sensitive to penicillins, gentamicin and tylosine, and sensitive to amikacin, ceftriaxone+tazobactum and cefotaxim. The present study concludes that FMD outbreak was followed by secondary bacterial infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which might have entered in the circulation through the lesions in tongue and foot. Moreover, immunosuppression due to FMD further led to colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critical body organs, such as the lungs, heart and kidney leading to severe mortality. Hence, the control of secondary invaders should be considered on priority to avoid the mortality in the outbreak situations.

As time goes by Consumers tend to be more aware about the environment and this have changed their attitude and perceptions towards the environment. The fact that consumers are exposed to open information about the harmful products and their long term effects on the environment, this has affected their purchasing decision, and not to mention that consumers are stepping forward towards the greener products as marketers are using different strategies to persuade them to buy products that are considered to be environmentallyfriendly. Ecological issues are still the major concern toward the whole world and people. Air contamination, deforestation and greenhouse impacts are the major natural issues that have happened till now alongside the activities of a person. In fact, consumers’ concerns about the environment have encouraged the marketers to change their strategies and adopt a marketing strategy called “Green marketing”. So this research focuses on what makes green marketing successful, consumers’ behavior and their perceptions towards green products, the reason why marketers decided to adopt green marketing and how marketers can implement the green marketing mix.

Under intense and rapid change of marketplace, researchers have been studying the key factor for firms and organizations to survive in the market. Customer loyalty has been a key factor and a recently researched topic in maintaining the competitiveness of the organizations. This article is going to discuss about customer loyalty in relationship marketing and internet marketing. It also aims to discuss the better marketing strategy that can contribute in gaining higher level of customer loyalty. The methods of communication for both relationship marketing and internet marketing are also explained to identify which marketing strategy could achieve higher level of customer loyalty.

Electronic commerce (online shopping) is increasing in popularity nowadays due to the popularity of computer usage and the prevalence of internet. Electronic commerce can produce numerous benefits to both sellers and consumers. Hence, the study of online consumer behavior can generate a better online atmosphere to facilitate greater profit to sellers and better online purchasing experience to consumer. Gender has universal characteristics, regardless of culture and time period. In this study, the gender differences in different aspects of online consumer behavior is concerned and investigated.

Researchers are investigating the various biomaterials as an effective alternative to the activated carbon for removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Some of the biosorbent have shown extremely high capacity for removal of dyes. But being a biomaterial, consists of organic molecules, they also contribute organic matter to the solution during adsorption process and thus contribute to the COD of the treated solution. There is a very strong and strict restriction on the value of COD of the industrial waste water before discharging into environment. So the biomaterial which is capable of removing the dyes below the prescribed limit, if increases the COD then it is not suitable for use in the adsorption process for removal of dyes from industrial effluent. In this paper the suitability of raw rice husk, sodium carbonate treated rice husk and potassium hydrogen phosphate treated rice husk has been examined and found that raw rice husk is not suitable biosorbent where as treated rice husk are the promising biosorbent.

Aims: Sexually Transmitted Diseases are major global health concern. Their growing incidence can be a menace for any society from epidemiological and social aspect. This study investigated the current state of knowledge concerning sexually transmitted infections among Pakistani students. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in four universities of Karachi, Pakistan, where inclusion criteria were university students, male or female of any age group. Ethical approval was taken prior to data collection. Results: Overall 890 participants participated in the study with a response rate of 89%. Total 515 male and 375 female students were included in the study. 41.1 % males and 27.2 % of the female participants identified the sexually transmitted infections correctly from the list of given infections, while 0.9 % recognized the clinical signs of HIV/AIDS. 64.8% of the male and 60.2% of the female participants had apprehension regarding the risk factors of STI with M/F Odds of 1.07

Gallbladder volvulus is an unusual cause of acute abdomen. After the first case published by Wendel, about 500 cases have been documented in the medical literature.This condition is defined as torsion of the gallbladder around its artery and duct in case of long and flask mesentery. The one presented here is a case of a 85 year-old woman who complained of right subcostal pain since 48 hours without fever. The echography revealed a large thick-walled gallbladder with a common bile duct diameter of 10mm without stones. Laparotomy through a right subcostal incision revealed a serohemorrhagic exudate with complete torsion of the gallbladder which was ischemic and gangrenous without perforation. Cholecysectomy was performed with a cholangiography which was normal. The anatomopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute gangrenous cholecystitis. Gallbladder volvulus is a nonfrequent cause of acute cholecystitis.