The article describes the biomechanical aetiology of the so-called idiopathic scoliosis (1995 – 2007), known as an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The first lecture dealing with the issue was delivered in Hungary in 1995. The first publication was made in Germany in 1996 (Orthopädische Praxis). Biomechanical development of scoliosis. The scoliosis appears as the secondary deformity originating in the asymmetry of hips’ position and movement described by Prof. Hans Mau in articles about Syndrome of Contractures (Fig. 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4a, 4b, 4c). Next - while walking and while standing ‘at ease’ on the right leg (T. Karski). The research proves that the right leg is the preferred one over the years for standing. This phenomenon is because of better stability of right leg in region of right hip during standing and this is because of smaller adduction in straight position of joint. Every type of scoliosis starts to develop at the time when the child starts to stand and walk. Depending of types of scoliosis is a special characterise of patho-morphology of deformity of spine and their various properties. To explain in details the biomechanical aetiology we must remember about the three asymmetries causing the development of scoliosis:

Neck injuries caused by rear end collisions have become a major problem in traffic safety over the last two decades. This situation calls for more research in the field. One area of interest is a damping seat slide to reduce neck injury. To reduce neck injury (Whiplash), based upon new biomechanical research, the motion between head and torso should be reduced. In case of a rear end impact new seat will slide backwards during the impact which allows the motion to damp. Working Model software was used first to simulate and analyse the behaviour of the new system, also a test rig was developed for experimental purposes. The results show occupant protection increases with the new damping seat slide by reducing the NIC 35%.

Neck injuries caused by rear end collisions have become a major problem in traffic safety over the last two decades. This situation calls for more research in the field. One area of interest is a damping seat slide to reduce neck injury. To reduce neck injury (Whiplash), based upon new biomechanical research, the motion between head and torso should be reduced. In case of a rear end impact new seat will slide backwards during the impact which allows the motion to damp. Working Model software was used first to simulate and analyse the behaviour of the new system. Also the sled test rig was developed for experimental purposes. The results show occupant protection increases with the new damping seat by up to 75%.

In this paper we investigate the impact of using different block interleaving techniques with different equalizers for a digital communication system which uses MQAM (M=16) modulation technique to transmit information over Rayleigh faded AWGN channel in an outdoor environment. Interleaving technique which are considered here are Algebraic interleaver, Random interleaver, Matrix interleaver and Helical scan interleaver. Performance is analyzed in terms of bit error rate by MATLAB simulation. The different property values that is path delay, average path gain, maximum Doppler shifts, Doppler spectrum parameters etc are chosen carefully for the simulation of Rayleigh fading channel to show a realistic fading channel. Stepsize, forget factor etc for different adaptive algorithms used by decision feedback equalizer (DFE), linear equalizer (LE) are also chosen properly. All the analysis shows the use of interleaving technique increases the performance of communication system. Algebraic and Random interleaver have shown better performance for this considered communication system. Maximum likelihood sequence estimate (MLSE) equalizer provides best equalization for limiting signal dispersion and ISI.

The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has attracted considerable interest because of their unique properties and potential applications in a variety of solid state devices, catalytic media etc. By using water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions, nanodroplets of water were used as chemical reactor to synthesize nanoparticles of zinc oxide. Addition of reducing agent ((NH4)2CO3) and zinc salt (Zn(NO3)2) followed by heat treatment results in the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs). The structural and optical properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction and UV-VISNIR absorption spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction revealed the wurtzite structure of ZnO. Percentage of lattice contraction and average particle size of the sample were also calculated from the XRD. Size-dependent blue shifts of absorption spectra revealed the quantum confinement effect. Furthermore, on increasing annealing temperature of ZnO NPs, crystallize size increases which, in turn,decreases the band gap energy and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of phenol.

This study investigated the impact that methods of selecting incentive schemes had on the characteristics manifested by the schemes while being used by construction firms in Nigeria. One hundred and four project managers of forty randomly selected construction firms participated in a questionnaire survey to determine the characteristics exhibited by incentive schemes based on the methods employed for their selection. Findings revealed that for the study-based selection method and the selection based on performance measurement, the use of incentive schemes did not cause reduction in the quality of work, unhealthy competition among workers nor fight among themselves. While selection based on tradition and discretion. caused the following; reduced quality of work, fighting among workers and generated unhealthy competition among workers. The study therefore recommended the use of the study-based selection and the selection based on performance measurement for incentive schemes used in the construction industry.

In this paper, the result shows that the method is elegant and reliable with less computational efforts. This method is strongly recommended for the solution of strongly nonlinear partial differential equations and systems of differential equations further to our results in [12] on the solution of nonlinear advection equations, we present a further results on the nonlinear non-homogeneous advection equations using a modified variational iteration method.

Qatar declared that by 2020 solar energy would produce at least 2% of its total generated electric power (EP). The known solar power plants EP at utility scale level are concentrating solar power (using parabolic trough collectors, linear Fresnel collector, and solar tower), photovoltaic (PV), and integrated solar combined cycle using fossil fuel (natural gas) besides solar collectors. EP generation by PV is reliable, clean, well proven, and matured technology, with 25 years warranties on solar panels. PV is the direct conversion of solar radiation (sunlight) into direct electric current by semiconductors that exhibit PV effect. The PV can be applied to large scale power plants called photovoltaic power station or solar parks. A solar park is connected to the grid, and thus supplies its bulk produced EP to this grid. Transfer solar energy directly to EP is achieved without using moving parts means very low maintenance and operation requirements. Once a solar park is installed (with relatively high cost compared to conventional power plat such as combined cycle), the operating costs with no fuel supply are extremely low compared to conventional power plants. This paper presents the technology and economics of the PV power station. It outlines the main components of the PV power plants including the solar PV modules, module mounting and tracking systems, inverters (or converters), and step-up transformers. It reviews the materials of the PV cells, the PV cells degradation, and the existing PV power plant. Utility PV power plants around the world were reviewed. PV panel are extensively used for small-distributed power generation used in homes and in remote areas. One of the advantages of building solar parks in Qatar (and other GCC) is the coincide of its power output with the high air conditioning electric power demand in hot summer days. The GCC is the Gulf Co-operation countries including Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain. Recent reduction

Youth entrepreneurship is a promising field for employment and poverty alleviation for young people who the majority in the developing world. While effort has been made to promote entrepreneurship among the youth in Kenya and Uganda, most of it has been targeting urban youth who compromise a small proportion of the overall youth population in the two countries. Using a mixed methods approach of semi structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews; this paper provides a comparative assessment of Rural Youth Entrepreneurs (RYE) in Uganda and Kenya. More specifically it examines the entrepreneurial environment in which Ugandan and Kenyan RYE operate and identifies their unique challenges with a view of making policy recommendations to support them. Findings reveal that there are differences among RYE in both countries in the demographic aspects of gender, level of education, marital status and household headship. Nevertheless there are similarities when it comes to RYE perceptions of the business environment especially in terms of how they acquired their business, understanding the benefits of business registration, property rights and Justice Perceptions. Findings also revealed that both countries shared some challenges like limited access to funding and business skills training; while other challenges were country specific such as having unregistered businesses, high business closure rates and commercial injustice. Policy implications and recommendations are also provided.

Till 1995 the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis was no found and treatment by extension exercises was the most common method of therapy. The observation about scoliosis are finished in 2007 – T. Karski. On basis of ours observations (1985 – 2014) we can underlined that all extension exercises, other name - strengthening exercises, were and still are - wrong and harmful. All patients coming to our Department after such previous therapy suffered from huge deformities, bigger humps and stiffness of the spine. To explain these undesirable results of the treatment the term “the natural history of scoliosis” was coined. We studied that all strengthened exercises other name extensions exercises, in prone position exercises, “muscle corset” making exercises, were only bad, making huge iatrogenic deformity of spine and trunk.