Violent conflict is gradually becoming one of the defining characteristics of Nigeria, the nation considered by many as the most populous nation of the continent of Africa. No part of Nigeria is free from violence of one form or the other. The problem of violence in Nigeria has become more worrisome as the security operatives whose duty it is to maintain peace, detect and suppress crimes have themselves become engulfed in violent conflicts, thereby giving criminals opportunity to unleash terror on the citizenry with impunity. Although, other unethical practices are held accountable for the clashes, superiority struggles arising from their historical past has of late become prominent. The implication of this professional missnormal is grievous. The repeated violent clashes among these security professionals have consistently alienated them from the public. It has further caused loss of confidence and respect of the citizenry. The ultimate side effect is lack of civil co-operation that these forces need to succeed in crime control. This explains why the nation has not been able to effectively manage insurgency and other security challenges in recent times. If Nigeria’s peace is pivotal to African and global peace as stressed by some scholars, then there is urgent need for the problem of superiority struggles to be addressed.

Skeletal Tuberculosis is a not that common nowadays due to effective antitubercular chemotherapy available along with the fact that most cases of primary tuberculosis are diagnosed quite ealy. Furthermore Presacral tubercular abscesses are a rare entity . Lumbosacral region is the least effected. We report a case of a patient with presacral abscess in a patient without any source of tuberculosis elsewhere. We present a rare case of large presacral abscess simulating a big tumor and MRI Done showed a large presacral abscess . It was managed by drainage through a trans pedicular route.

Blast and Pellet injuries are a modern nuisance. The increasing use of more destructive methods of damage infliction are on the rise and especially in more violent parts of the world are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The injuries can range from being simple or localized to more extensive multi system injuries. As such a proper assessment and proper management of the peleet injuries is a must and a judicious manner of managing these injuries should be managed. This Young patient had more than 75 pellet injuries after a blast. A thorough check up was conducted to look for injuries near vital structures and amazingly all vital structures were unaffected. The patient was monitored and discharged after a few days. The article deals with knowing the more important Anatomico surgical concepts involved in assessment of trauma in various regions of the body.

Cerebral metastasis may be a common manifestation of systemic diseases. Cerebral metastasis are reported in 15-25 percent of patients with Brain tumors. Parenchymal blood flow is an important regulator of metastasis and most of the metastatic lesions are found in the cerebrum .most brain metastasis arise by hematogenous dissemination followed by dessimination through CSF.

The spleen is one of the most commonly injured organs in the body to get traumatized. It can be associated with significant mortality. It is commonly injured following penetrating trauma and one of the most most commonly injured organ following blunt trauma to the left side if abdomen. Due to the soft consistency the injuries are often minor and can be easily managed. The article pinpoints the various anatomico surgical facts in relation to spleenic injuries. We report two cases of abdominal trauma where both the patients had spleenic injuries. Due to the immunological role of spleen and the recognition of the fact that spleenectomy renders patient suscept to life long risks of sepsis, the shift and focus has been towards spleenic conservation in most cases.

The aim of this study is to examine the cognitive, affective, and behavioural components of students’ attitude and to examine the overall attitude of students towards Entrepreneurship education in Nigerian universities. The respondents were students from five selected universities in north eastern Nigeria. Purposive sampling was used in selection of the universities, while simple random sampling was employed in selection of the respondents. The instrument used was structured questionnaire based on Likert scales ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree on four points. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed, but only three hundred and seventy five were successfully retrieved and analysed. SPSS version 16 was used in the analysis of the data. The study falls within the domain of descriptive study. The results indicated that the students cognitive component of attitude is rated at 84.31%, affective at 83.34%, while behavioural component at 78.72%. The overall attitude is at 82.12%.

Viruses are a major component of the biosphere, entering cells and genomes to insert their own genetic material. Herpesvirus lies hidden for years in the cells of the nervous system before emerging to cause herpes vesicles at the body surface. In the ‘virosphere’ there are the retroviruses, whose RNA genome can be converted to DNA by the reverse transcriptase enzyme carried in their viral particles, integrating their genes into the host cell genome and becoming one with it. When, for any of a number of reasons, the host immune system undergoes degrees of immunosoppression, the virus can reactivate, replicate, and cause disease. Even when this does not occur, oncogenic virus latency can induce malignancy in host cells.

The characters of any languages having scripts are formed by basic units called primitives. It is necessary to practice writing the primitives and their appropriate combinations while writing different characters. In order to automate character generation, primitives‟ recognition becomes important. In this paper, we propose a zone-features based nearest neighbor classification of Kannada printed and handwritten vowel and consonant primitives. The normalized character image is divided into 49 zones, each of size 4x4 pixels. The classifier based on nearest neighbor using Euclidean distances is deployed. Experiments are performed on images of printed and handwritten primitives of Kannada vowels and consonants. We have considered 9120 images of printed and 3800 images of handwritten 38 primitives. A K-fold cross validation method is used for computation of results. We have observed average recognition accuracies are in the range [90%, 93%] and [93% to 94%] for printed and handwritten primitives respectively. The work is useful in multimedia teaching, animation; Robot based assistance in handwriting, etc.

The essence of the law of patent is usually to protect inventions especially ones that are new and those that improve on the new ones. In effect, patent confers the right to exclude others, generally, from exercising those rights the law confers on the patentee. The major beneficiaries of patent often include scientists, researchers, professors, pharmacists, engineers and extendedly the consumers. However, as the task of this work demands, the concentration will be on health related inventions. That is, the legal effects of patent laws on pharmaceuticals or drugs and other edibles. The legal protection available to consumers will also be discussed in the light of the customs and practices of trade in Nigerian. This will then lead us to an examination of how the law relating to patent has been able or failed to safeguard public health care system in Nigeria. Consequently, issues regarding consumer rights and the corresponding right of the buyer for goods to be of merchantable quality especially regarding the enormity of the problem of counterfeit drugs will be discussed.

In the present paper the problem of laminar, incompressible and viscous flow between two moving porous walls, which enable the fluid to enter or exit during successive expansions or contractions, has been is solved using Laplace transform and Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM).the effects of various physical parameter on velocity profile has been studied and presented through graphs and tables.