The study examines land use and land cover change in Kwale Ndokwa-East Local Government area Delta State, Nigeria between 1975 and 2008 using GIS and remote sensing technique. The satellite data that were employed included LandSat (MSS) 1975, LandSat (TM) 1987, LandSat (ETM+) 2001, downloaded from Global Landcover Resources Website (http:www.glcf.com), while images from NigSat1 2008 were obtained from the National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. The software used for the processing and analysis for this study includes ARCGIS 9, ERDAS 8.1 and ILWIS 3.2a. Results of the study revealed that on the average, between 1975 and 2008, bare surfaces decreased to by 93.51%: forest vegetation by 30.98%: settlement by 25.61% and woodlands by 37.19. Marshlands, cultivated lands;, shrublands and water bodies increased respectively by 54.45%, 24.42%;, 3.21% and 319.91%. This showed that bare surfaces, forest vegetation, settlements and woodlands were gradually being replaced by marshlands, cultivated lands, shrublands as well as water bodies. Settlements were found to be aggregating within specific geographic regions, over time. It is therefore recommended that concerted efforts be made to reclaim the areas occupied by bare surface and marshlands into arable agricultural lands. And finally, further efforts should be devoted towards reducing gas flaring, increasing afforestation strategies while discouraging lumbering, oil spillage as well as gas flaring within the region.

The present disastrous predicament of flood in the world today more than ever calls for an immediate attention of every one inclusive to participate in the ongoing campaign for a more evironcentric world. We live in an ever constant-changing world, both for the betterment as well as the destruction of man and his world where it is either you go out and come to meet your house and property on fire or floating on a miraculous manifested ocean from a five minutes rain1 or perhaps meet your environment-house and properties being transformed by a contemporary construction technique or low cast consumption code to enhance better living. By and large it is an ‘either or’ universe instigating a need to adopt an environcentric philosophy worthy of connecting the disconnects and reviving our lost environmental values or valuation and obligations. From an environcentric philosophical dimension, The research examines the problems associated with nature or the universe and attempts answers to certain important questions as its energetic force; what is the cause of this environmental disbalance, how do we remedy the situation and make our universe habitable for all life forms and those of the next generation. To ensure an exhaustive analysis, this work shall be phenomenological and criticalanalytic in its method. This study concludes with the affirmation that an environcentic philosophy which identifies and respects the deep spiritual connection between man and his environment to ensure a value and purposeful and peaceful existence.

Background: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) predominates the micro flora of fermented products. They produce metabolites that inhibit the growth of food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. Aim: To isolate and identify LAB species from fermented maize (Ogi) and to determine the effect of varied culture conditions on bacteriocin production and antibacterial activity against indicator organisms. Materials and methods: Four (4) isolates of bacteriocin producing lactobacillus species (L. lactis, L. fermentum, L. casei and L. plantarum) with antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) and Shigella dysenteriae (ATCC 23351) were subjected to varied growth medium conditions. Bacteriocin production was tested at different physical and cultural conditions such as temperature (25, 30, 35 and 400C), pH (5, 6, 7 and 8), sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8%) and incubation duration (12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). Results: The optimum bacteriocin production judged by their different zones of inhibition was recorded at temperature, 300C and then 350C. There were significant differences between all the incubation temperatures at P<0.05. Duration of incubation showed highest bacteriocin activity after 72 hours. Furthermore, optimal conditions for bacteriocin production were observed to be highest at pH 6.0 followed by 5.0 and then in 2% NaCl concentration. There were significant differences between the zones of inhibition of bacteriocins produced against the indicator organisms at various media pH and salt concentrations at P<0.05. Conclusion: These bacteriocins may have a potential use as food preservative and may help in improving the gastrointestinal tract by fighting off pathogenic bacteria.

Aim: To evaluate the phytochemical components and antibacterial potentials of Citrullus lanatus. Materials and Methods: This was carried out by the crude extraction of the seeds with hot water, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were used to determine the presence of phytochemicals. Stock cultures of test organism such as Staphylococcus aereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyogenes were used to test the antibacterial effects of the extracts using the agar well diffusion method. Results: The extracts showed presence of antibacterial activities which were compared to antibacterial activity of a commercial antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) against the test organisms. At 62.5mg, ethanol extract showed a weak inhibitory effect against Proteus mirabilis (3mm), Staphylococcus aureus (2mm) and Streptococcus pyogenes (2mm). Antibacterial activity of the extract was pronounced at higher concentrations (100, 500 and 250mg) for all the extracts. Hot and cold water extracts showed the presence of phenol and methanol extracts exhibited the highest bacterial activity. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenol, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid and cyanogenic glycoside. Conclusion: From this research, watermelon seeds when properly extracted and purified, acts as antibiotics which can be used in treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria.

The liquid-dropmodel of nuclear proposed byBohr and Weizsacker, it was a great success and allowed to explain a number of its properties. This modelis useduntil now.The paper attempts to build a model of the electron dropping admitting finding it, both in liquidandin the condensed state. Using this modelit possible to construct liquid hydrogen atom modeland explain the phenomenon of superconductivity.

For the past one thousand years militant Islam has been battling West European civilization or imperialism. Today, pax Americana, the forebear of pax Britannica (American and British peace) have continued with the war, then, at first, it was called the crusades and Jihad: today nothing has changed. The 21st century opened with the bombing of the World Trade Centre buildings in New York, US by Arabs and Muslims a la George Bush Jnr., President of the United Stated of Africa in a post attack briefings of the joint session of congress. Bush thereafter vowed that the world was not going to be the same again. That outburst marked the declaration of the war against terror which claimed the independence and sovereignty of first the Afghans, Iraqis, Somalis and is now threatening the Iranians (Persians), Syrians, and anybody who is caught in the crossfire.

Induction as a method of science is formulated from simple observation of particulars and their series, interconnectedness and order from whence general laws are derived. The highpoint of induction is centered on “particular instantiation” which informs the heart of the general conclusion. These being the case, one will wonder if this kind of culture or way of reasoning can be replicated in African thought system especially when it is common knowledge that the particular “individual” in African worldview is not seen nor heard but lost in the general scheme of things. How then can the individual be a basis for a general consensus about the truth of a matter? This inquiry informed the thrust of this work.

The present study was carried out on two dominant forest types were identified along and elevational gradient in Nainital Forest Division. The dominant tree species were Quercus leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii Roxb. Followed by Acer oblongum, Rhododendron arboreum, Quercus floribunda, Cedrus deodara, Myrica esculenta, Ficus nerifolia, Cupressus torulosa and Prunus cerasoides.Tree and sapling species richness, density and diversity were high in Quercus leucotrichophora dominated forest and total basal area and concentration of dominance were maximum in Pinus roxburghii dominated forest. Seedling species richness was maximum in Pinus roxburghii dominated forest and density, diversity and concentration of dominance were maximum in Quercus leucotrichophora dominated forest.

Background: Millions of children are still dying as a result of the preventable diarrheal disease than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Objective: To determine the prevalence of diarrheal disease and associated factors among under 5 children in Enemay rural district, East Gojjam zone. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted on a sample size of 634.A multistage sampling technique in which seven from 34 kebeles were selected by simple random sampling and then proportional samples were drawn through systematic random sampling technique using the list of households who have children under five. The dependent variable was measured interms of the occurrence of loose/watery diarrhea for at least three times per day in the last two weeks before the survey. Data was collected through pretested structured questionnaire, and observation cheek list. It was collected by trained data collectors with the support of trained supervisors. Data were coded, cleaned and entered into SPSS version 16 for univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Odd ratio with the corresponding 95% CI was used to measure the degree of association. Result: The two-week prevalence of diarrhea among underfive children was 18.6 %. It was highly associated with educational status (AOR, 2.49; 95% CI (1.28,4.83))and occupation of mother (AOR, 1.78; 95%; CI 1.05,3.00); availability of proper waste disposal system in the household (AOR, 2.27;95% CI (1.40-3.68)), Measles vaccination status (AOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10-0.37) and vitamin A supplementation for children under 5 years ( AOR, 3.98; 95% CI (2.42,6.53)) . Conclusion: In order to reduce the magnitude of the disease, efforts need to focus on giving health education for mothers, the community to prepare proper liquid waste disposal system and strengthening vitamin A supplementation for children under 5.

The scope of the research study includes an overview of human resource management at the national, county and institutional levels. The research methodology consists of a literature review of journals on human resource management, annual reports from health facilities, and government documents. This research consists of an empirical and conceptual analysis on the relationship between human resource management and performance. The research study examines theories on human resource management practices in an attempt to develop an understanding of theoretical and rational ways in which human resource management practices affect the performance of the health facilities. Aligning people management with the business strategy and integrating high performance work systems into the strategic management process is crucial for improving performance of health facilities and delivery of quality services. This paper provides a framework for guiding development of Human Resourcepolicies and practices within the health sector in Kenya.