This paper tests the hypothesis that residual values in balance of payment accounting are a random variable. Previous research in this area has been satisfied with an explanation that these residual values are just statistical discrepancies and are random in nature. This paper reveals a structural problem with the way balance of payment accounting has been set up and data are collected. The research proves that there is a positive bias about these values. Moreover, the research shows that there is a positive relationship between the size of the illicit drug market and the statistical discrepancies in the U.S. balance of payments.

Foreign policies of nation states are driven by their National Interest which conduct have implications for domestic growth and international stability. This paper attempts an examination of some aspects of the pursuit of national interest of the United States under George W. Bush and Nigeria under President Olusegun Obasanjo. The paper posits that there is a nexus between the pursuit of national interest and international stability and development which world powers have undermined. The consequences are the militarization of the world’s space, destabilization of nation-states and treat to world’s peace among others. The paper cautions that peace and stability as sine qua non to sustainable development can only be sustained if world powers exercise restraint in their pursuit of the national interest.

Colorectal cancer is defined as the cancer of the large intestine or the rectum – thus attributing to some other names related to this cancer such as – bowel cancer or rectal cancer, depending on the site where the tumor has occurred. It mostly begins as a benign tumor with then turns into a carcinoma.Colon cancer and rectal cancer are related in terms of their genetics and thus are studied together as allied tumors. Although some other factors such as age and lifestyle are also concerned with the progression of this cancer, a minority group of people acquire it because of certain genetic predisposition, which is focused upon in this review. Initially it was thought only to occur because of certain mutations in a specific gene called adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene which are responsible for initiating the characteristic events which lead to the progression of this tumor.The cases affected by this pathway were called the LOH group. But further researches concluded that there is another different pathway which can lead to the occurrence of this tumor apart from the one briefly stated above. The rest of the cases which were affected by this second pathway were named as the MSIpositive group. Since diagnostic techniques for detecting this cancer, like colonoscopy, as well as its treatment by employing chemotherapy are readily available, it should be considered prime priority to get to know about this tumor at the early stage.If diagnosed earlier, this cancer can be checked upon and thus could make the concerned person survive for a longer time with improved quality life.

Objectives: Cytological evaluations of a vast number of cases were presented in this study. More than 2/5th of the cases were reported from head and neck region. Our objectives were to prove the diagnostic value of FNAC and to judge its feasibility in peripheral health institutes. Method: this study was done in pathology department of Me - dical College & Hospital, Kolkata for a period of 10 years. Aspirates were classified into one of the three interpretation groups (easy, moderately difficult, and highly difficult) according to set up criteria. Cytohistological correlations were done in all possible cases. Results: out of total 20,237 cases undergoing cytological evaluation during study period, 1774 cases (8.77%) needed guidance for aspiration.3.16%of the rest 18,463 cases could not be reported for lack of adequate aspirate. Rest 17879 cases were categorized in 3 interpretation groups as follows: easy- 90.03% (16098 cases), moderately difficult- 6.72% (1203 cases), highly difficult- 3.25% (578 cases). Breast aspirates seemed comparatively easier to interpret whereas salivary aspirates were much difficult. Cytohistological correlations were possible in 5807 cases yielding 84.78% correlation. The study was alsoquite sensitive and specific in detecting malignancy with 14.93% false positive and 10.48% false negative results. Conclusion: it is evident from the present study that FNAC is not only a useful method of tissue diagnosis but also the only cheap method requiring moderately trained personnel for interpretation in majority of cases. So its blessings should be extended to the block level.

This paper entitled Corruption in Electricity Stealing was intended to answer questions on whether an electricity stealing can be qualified as a corruption crime and to the extent of which electricity stealing crimes may bring about losses in the state’s finance. This paper was prepared by a juridical-normative writing method, that is, by studying legislations contained both in the law itself and in legal literatures/books, particularly those related to stealing and corruption. The result in a juridical aspect form was then written down in a descriptive-analytical way. The conclusion of this paper was the answer to the problems abovementioned as follows: that electricity stealing can be qualified as a corruption crime and that any electricity stealing brings about losses in the state’s finance.

Abstract This paper examines the effect of inflation and economic growth on unemployment in Sri Lanka for the period 1990-2012.To achieve this objective, secondary data has been taken from Central Bank annual reports for the above period. To test unit root or stationary, Augmented Dickey Fuller Test was used. In addition to that, ordinary least square technique and to determine the causality among the above variables Granger Causality test also were applied. Results of the unit root test indicate that only Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has stationary and unemployment and inflation have unit root problem or non- stationary at level.But when these two variables are tested at first difference then the problem of unit root has disappeared and hence they have become stationary at first difference.Regression results revealed that the coefficient of inflation is negative and statistically significant influence on unemployment whereas gross domestic product is positive but it has no significant effect on unemployment. Finally the study concludes that only inflation significantly reduces unemployment and gross domestic product positively but insignificantly influences on unemployment. Causality results proved that there is only a unidirectional causality between inflation and unemployment but there is bidirectional causality between unemployment -gross domestic product and inflation- gross domestic product in Sri Lanka.

Background: Stroke is the third cause of death and foremost cause of disability worldwide. Cerebrovascular accident or stroke is an emergency condition which require immediate procedure by a neurologist. Determination of extent of brain damage at the onset of the seizure is an appropriate action to determine therapy and prognosis. Increased serum neuron specific enolase can be expected to differentiating stroke types at the onset of the seizure. Aim: The goal of present study was to measure diagnostic value of serum neuron specific enolase in various types of cerebrovascular accident as well as to evaluate the clinical performance of neuron specific enolase in early diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident. Methods: A diagnostic case control study was conducted on 60 patients were admitted within 72 hours of onset of stroke in the department of neurology and department of medicine of PDVVPF’s Medical College and hospital Ahmednagar and 60 healthy age and sex matched volunteers formed the control group. Serum neuron specific enolase level was estimated by commercially available quantitative enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit which based on biotin double antibody sandwich technology. Statistical analysis used: The student t test was used to compared patients and control. Receiver operating characteristic curve for neuron specific enolase was established to determined cut-off point. The sensitivity and specificity of neuron specific enolase for detection of cerebrovascular accident were analyzed. Results: serum neuron specific enolase (p<0.05) concentrations was significantly higher in cerebrovascular accident than healthy controls. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of neuron specific enolase for detection of cerebrovascular accident were 87.10%, 95.00%, 92.74% and 87.69%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of neuron specific enolase in cerebrovascular accident was 0.84. Conclusion: Pres

The lathe, probably one of the earliest machine tools, is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tool, so also known as mother machine tool. An engine lathe is the most basic and simplest form of the lathe. It is called so because in early lathes, power was obtained from engines. The job to be machined is held and rotated in a lathe chuck; a cutting tool is advanced which is stationary against the rotating job. Since the cutting tool material is harder than the work piece, so metal is easily removed from the job. Some of the common operations performed on a lathe are facing, turning, drilling, threading, knurling, and boring etc.

This study investigated dilemmas of corporal punishment of children from parents’ perspective in Jimma zone. Quantitative and qualitative approaches, 71 samples, questionnaire, interview, descriptive and thematic analyses were employed. Most parents corporally punish their children. Major contributing factors of the practice include cultural beliefs, social roles, parents’ childhood personal experiences, favorable conception of the practice and limited alternative forms of child disciplining. A dilemma regarding child corporal punishment arises on the distinction between child corporal punishment for disciplining and parent’s abusive behavior. Parents do not conceive child corporal punishment as a violation of children’s rights rather as their cultural responsibility of child nurturing. Parents in rural and urban communities differently view the potential and real effects of child corporal punishment. Male children are perceived as more knowledgeable and capable of controlling themselves than female ones, hence the later need closer supervision. Diametrically opposing views held by parents and public office agents on the practice. Child corporal punishment partly serves the purpose of gender role socialization and mechanism of social control. Workable and traditionally sound community based participatory strategies should be designed to minimize negative effects of child corporal punishments. Yet no ‘one-fits-for-all’ intervention strategies can be suggested for rural and urban communities. Rather, it needs to be contextual depending on the perceived and realistic effects of the practice.

Background: It is a fact that diarrheal diseases caused major public health problem in children under-five years of age, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based unmatched case-control study design was conducted. A case in this study was a child under-five years of age visited Kotebe health center for treatment and a control was a child under-five years of age without diarrhea that came to the center for vaccination and treatment of other cases. A face-to-face interview based on a pre-tested, structured questionnaire was conducted with mothers/ caretakers with trained nurses. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between dependent and independent variables, calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set at α ≤ 0.05. Multivariable analyses were applied to identify the relative effect of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Result: A total of 350 study subjects, including 117 cases and 233 controls, were recruited into the study. The study revealed that some factors remained independently associated with the risk of diarrhea, namely age of the children AOR (95%CI); 4.22 (1.36-13.14), maternal education AOR (95%CI); 0.33 (0.16-0.65), supplementary feeding commencing time AOR (95%CI); 0.30 (0.09-0.95) and hand washing after cleaning child bottom AOR (95%CI); 0.59 (0.35-0.99) with p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: From this study, associated factors of diarrhea were identified. The finding is important for health intervention and supports the view that investing in girls’ education has substantial benefits on child health