Socio-hydrological vulnerability is a new area of research that integrates people and their activities into water science. This type of research is important in water scare areas such as arid and semi-arid areas on the globe. The main objective of this type of research is to develop a sociohydrological vulnerability index in semi-arid region by combining remote sensing, bio-geophysical and social data. In general, vulnerability is expressed as a function of the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of a region to natural disasters and climate change effects. The heart of water security is the ability of water systems to meet changing human and environmental needs. Socio-hydrological vulnerability research ensures that decisions made about our water resources incorporate a range of values and perspectives about the meaning, value and use of water. Presently scientists bring an interest in human values, markets, social organizations and political institutions to the traditional focus of water science on climate, social and hydrology. It is a reality that natural disasters (such as drought and floods) results in sets of socio-hydrological impacts starting with cropyield failure, unemployment, erosion of assets, income decrease, poor nutrition and decreasing risk absorptive capacity, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the community. In addition, it is demonstrated that the severity of these social impacts is experienced differently and depends one hand on socio-hydrological characteristics and on other hand on people’s exposure and characteristics, which are respectively named bio-geophysical, hydrology and social vulnerability. Mapping socio-hydrological vulnerability patterns across space and time helps to identify socially and bio-geophysical vulnerable areas and assists with climate change adaptation strategies in areas to projected socio-hydrological vulnerability.

In this paper we introduced the three node communication model with feedback for the first and second nodes assuming where every arrival makes homogeneous Poisson process one of the possible decisions by forwarding to the next node or to return back to nodes without taking service. Assuming such a decision to be entirely governed by the queue at the instant of the arrival, the transient solution is obtained using difference–differential equations; probability generating function of the number of packets in the buffer connected to the transmitter the System is analyzed. The dynamic bandwidth allocation policy for transmission is considered. The performance measures of the network like, mean content of the buffers, mean delays, throughput, transmitter utilization etc. are derived explicitly under transient conditions.

On the basis of the experimental studies of a pulsejet engine and performance analysis of other engines of the same type, the increase of the pulse at interaction of the spent gas masses within the exhaust unit is shown. This effect has been substantiated by the experiments in vacuum. Correlations have been obtained to determine propulsion characteristics of a pulsejet engine in flight conditions; the said correlations take into account gas mass addition. Fields of this effect application are defined.

Corporate this very concept has a remarkable wattage in an organization. It is definitely pertinent for a corporation as well, which is always the modified form of an organization. Where that is absolutely legitimate and legalized through their everlasting entity and separated from its owners. That is really conceptualized by the limitation of liability. In other words it is namely incorporation as well, which provides the absolute separate stand at all for the owners. In addition all the legitimate owners do have the intention to enhance the great business matrix through all the best possible resources within a very short while.

Purpose - This paper aims to explore the strategic use of bridging capital by brokers to facilitate coordination among civil society and state actor engaged in disaster response and relief efforts. Researching the dynamic of governance networks provides insights into the process of coordination and information and resource exchange to better utilize disaster management. Bridging capital used by brokers in disaster governance network allows mediating the flow of information among disconnected actors. The paper compares governance networks patterns and brokerage roles using evidence from the Gulf Coast Hurricanes (United States) and the West Sumatra Earthquakes (Indonesia). Design/Methodology - The methodological approach used to explore brokerage roles is among interacting network members – ego-network. In an ego-network each actor is connected to every other actor in the network. However, there could be members of the network who are not connected directly to one another. Formalization of brokerage roles in a disaster setting assigns each actor in the network a numerical score that sums the different occasions of brokerage activity in which that specific actor is involved. The numerical score (brokerage score) is calculated by counting the number of times each actor plays the role specified in each brokerage category. Using techniques of social network analysis (SNA) can identify which organizations played brokers within governance networks during the phase of disaster response and relief efforts in United States (The Gulf Coast Hurricanes, 2005) and in Indonesia (the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami). The data was then analyzed by means of social network analysis using UCINET 6 software, as well qualitative analysis, from which the conclusions in this research are derived. Findings - SNA analysis of the disaster governance network indicates greater effectiveness in terms of achieving coordination in the Indonesian case than in the US case. The findings of the research s

Over the last decades, African Governments, International Organizations and Donors have experimented with a series of approaches for addressing poverty, each giving way to a new paradigm. Despite the ubiquity and persistence of the problem, the very nature of poverty remains poorly understood. This paper shows that to adequately recognize and understand poverty, its nature and extent should be examined from the spatial perspective. The nexus between poverty and the environment is close only when it is considered from the spatial perspective. Using geographical characteristics to explain disparities that underlie spatial perspective of poverty, it is observed that the livelihoods, health and vulnerability of the people are determined predominantly by the context in which they live and the constraints and opportunities this location presents. This spatial conceptualization of poverty gives rise to rural and urban perspectives. In the rural context, the natural capital is the fundamental building blocks of rural livelihoods, whereas in urban livelihoods, recognition is given to the nature of urban settlements and infrastructure (physical capital). It is concluded that urban poverty is much more complex and challenging that rural poverty. The paper therefore suggests that for sustainable poverty reduction in Africa, the environment should be explored to allow an understanding of how environmental constraints generate or exacerbate poverty, as each spatial location presents unique characteristics that require corresponding unique prescriptions

Capitalism, consumerism, industrialization, globalization and corporations promote individualism, sexism, classism, racism, privatization, competition, urbanization, and socio-economic division between rich and poor, increasing social polarization, inequality, injustice, and discrimination in society and thereby diminishing its human face. They are not promoting environmentalism, a Cinderella economy and people-centered green economics beneficial for the majority of people. The socio-economic divide polarizing society is reinforced by anti-community and non-communal, nonaltruistic values and norms. In contrast, community organizing, community capacity-building, community planning and social networking excel in building a sense of community belonging and caring, and nurture the desire to support each other in cooperative exchange (social capital), resulting in a more altruistic, local, and sustainable economy. the community development approach addresses The issues of unemployment, poverty and gender discrimination in society. The objectives of the paper are to explore the contributions of community development, and to familiarize readers with various successful community initiatives (as opposed to individualism) in different communities in Canada and in Bangladesh. The paper explores why community development work is essential in society as well as some means and strategies for developing altruistic communal values and norms in the community. The paper contains the author`s own academic scholarship, experiences working with the community agencies Noble Institute for Environmental Peace (NIEP), Ahamodhya Muslim Society, MCC in Canada and Grameen Bank (GB), Grameen Motsho & Pashusampad Foundation (GMPF) in Bangladesh. The paper also contains literary reviews on community organizing and community development. Community development is a living process that strives to create communal identity and change the dominating power structure of the society. Communal values can m

Image Segmentation is one of the significant tool for analyzing images, the feature vector of the images are different for different types of images. In remote sensing, Environmental ecological systems, forest studies, conservation of rare animals, the animal images are more important. In this paper we developed and analyze an image segmentation algorithm using mixture of Pearson Type VI Distribution. The Pearsonian Type VI Distribution will characterize the image regions of animal images. The appropriateness Pearsonian Type VI distribution for the pixel intensities of image region in animal images is carried by fitting Pearsonian Type VI Distribution to set of animal images taken from Berkeley image data set. The image segmentation algorithm is developed using EM algorithm for estimating the parameters of the model and maximum likelihood for image component under Bayesian framework. For fast convergence of EM algorithm the initial estimates of the model parameters are obtained by dividing the whole image into K image regions using K-means and Hierarchical clustering algorithm and utilizing the moment method of estimates. The performance of proposed algorithm is studied by conducting an experiment with set of animal images and computing image quality metrics such as PRI, GCE and VOI. A comparative study of developed image segmentation by Gaussian Mixture model and found the proposed algorithm performed better for animal images due to asymmetrically distributed nature of pixel intensities in the image regions.

Due to the recent developments in the hand-held devices and communication enhancements in wireless networks like mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs), these networks are targeted for providing real time services like video streaming, video conferencing, VOIP etc. Although, the basic design of MANETs is not fully capable to provide multimedia services, therefore some sort of quality-of-service is required in these networks. In this paper, I have proposed a delay-aware routing protocol that discovers routes for a source-destination pair with the application provided delay constraints. The methodology is focused on using a reactive routing approach, AODV, to discover the delay-aware routes during its route discovery phase. In this way, we are able to provide the QoS to the requesting application in terms of delay metric.

Background Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the mode of presentations, clinical profile and the sensitivity of imaging in the abdominal tumours in paediatric and types of tumours. Methods: This was a prospective and retrospective cross sectional study conducted in Khartoum Teaching Hospital and Ribat University Hospital in the period between April 2012 to April 2014. Variables studied included clinical presentations, imaging used for work up, types of abdominal tumours with regional distributions, and duration of symptoms. Results: fifty-eight patients enrolled, males, 55.2 %( n=32), and females, 44.8 %( n=26), ages group range between (28 days-13 years) with mean 4.6 years. 51.7% from the center of Sudan, 27.6% from West, 15.5% from Gezira, and 5.2% from North. Most of them presented with abdominal mass and pain 89.7 %( n=52), fever 74.1% (n=43), anemia 77.6 %( n=45), four (6.9%) of them presented as acute abdomen (intussusceptions), two presented with mass and jaundice. Six presented with urine retention (10.3%). The duration of symptoms (15days - 3 months). The imaging used were, CT&US with sensitivity, 80.3% & 67.3%, respectively. Histologically: 91.1% malignant tumours, the rest were benign and two cases; (abdominal TB). WT 31%(n=18), lymphoma 27.6%(n=16), neuroblastoma 12.1%(n=7), HB & teratoma 6.9%(n=4) for each, neuroectodermal 3.4%(n=2), adinocarcinoma, fibro sarcoma, rhabdomy-osarcoma and peutz-jegher 1.7%(n=1) for each. Two cases 3.4% were abdominal TB. About nineteen pati-ents (32.8%) died shortly after starting workup (late presentation). Conclusion: Abdominal mass in paediatric is serious conditions. Good evaluation, awareness with symptoms and signs with reliable imaging and histological investigations; are a corner stone for the early diagnosis and improvement of outcome.