The status of the quality of groundwater in urban areas of Nigeria is reviewed in this paper. This is done against the backdrop of its current status, trend and identification of factors influencing the quality of urban groundwater and possible remedial measures in Nigeria. Studies have shown that Nigeria urban groundwater quality is influenced by the geology and geochemistry of the environment, rate of urbanization, industrialization, landfill/dumpsite leachates, heavy metals, bacteriological pollution, and effect of seasons. Remedial measures suggested include protection of water sources, proper handling of wastes and construction of sanitary landfills, control of all landuse polluting activities, and treatment of water before is used for consumption. Continuous monitoring of groundwater quality is necessary to forestall any unpleasant consequences. Key Word: Groundwater, quality, pollution, concentrations, hand dug wells, boreholes.

This study aimed to describe the extent to which the external auditors in service sector companies contribute to the Jordanian international auditing standards so that the obligation is not a new innovation to the profession, and the results of the study showed that there is a extent of the external auditors and the obligation to use international accounting standards which affected the outcome of both the trading volume and stock increase.

In sensor networks Target Tracking defines how accurate a targets position can be measured. We consider both stationary target and mobile target. Since the mobile target is unknown, the mobile sensor controller utilizes the measurement collected by a wireless sensor network in terms of the mobile target signal’s time of arrival (TOA).We proposed time of arrival2 (TOA2) algorithms which consider time to live (TTL). We investigate the correlations and sensitivity from a set of system parameters. We derive the minimum number of mobile sensors that are required to maintain the resolution for target tracking in a mobile sensor network (MSN).The simulation results demonstrate the tracking performance can be improved by an order of magnitude with the same number of sensors when compared with that of the static sensor environment.

Evidence-based patient choice (EBPC) is a subsetof the set of alternative frameworks that have been proposedtosupplementorsupplantthecourt-deriveddoctrinesofconsent and informed consent. In this paper, we will examinethedefinition,roles,andhierarchiesandtopologiesofevidence that have been proposed to be provided to patientstouseintheirdecisionmakingrelatedtotheowncareinhealth and medicine. Patient-based rational decision makinginitspresentformhasa relatively smallbaseof high-qualitymedicalandscientificevidencethatareofpotentialusetopatientsindecisionmakingrelativetothebroadrangeofhealth and medical decisions that patients face and thus is notreflectiveofthevastdomainofdecisionspatientsface. In addition,theproponentsofalternativepatient-basedframeworkshavenotfullyexaminedthepotentialimpactsofevidenceonpatients,howevidenceistobeadequatelycommunicatedtopatients,andthusEBPCisstillinitsdefinitionalphasesofdevelopment.Inthispaper,wealsoexamineanewtaxonomyofpatient-baseddecisionmakinginclusive of a broad range of patient decisions. This taxonomyincludes characteristics of four types: (1) characteristics of thedecision, (2) characteristics of the patient being counseled, (3)characteristicsofthepatient’scounselors(providersofinformationandthosewhohelpclarifytheuniquepatient’svalues relativeto the decision), and (4) characteristics oftheevidence underlying the decision. This paper also presents afutureresearchagendatohelpfillcurrentgapsinpatientbased rational decision making relative to this taxonomy.

A renewed interest in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) has been seen recently, in particular at relatively low Reynolds number (Rec ≈ 10 5 ) appropriate to the urban applications. From this perspective, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is regarded as a promising technique for aerodynamic studies of VAWT. The paper presents a computational investigation on a particular dynamic stall phenomenon associated with unsteady flow around the NACA 0018 a irfoil o f a t hree s traight b laded rotor, a t h igh a ngle o f attack (AOA). Two airfoil flows with angle of attack higher than 45o of an isolated blade and a confined blade in rotor at low speed ratios (TSR), are numerically simulated using CFD. It is concluded that the quasi-steady prediction used in previous models is in disagreement with experimental and numerical data because the unsteadiness generated by spinning rotor, though very important for the self-starting of VAWT, in the past were ignored.

Cloud computing is the concept of distributing a work and also processing the same work over the internet. Cloud computing is called as service on demand. It is always available on the internet in Pay and Use mode. Processing of the Big Data takes more time to compute MRI and DICOM data. The processing of hard tasks like this can be solved by using the concept of MapReduce. MapReduce function is a concept of Map and Reduce functions. Map is the process of splitting or dividing data. Reduce function is the process of integrating the output of the Map’s input to produce the result. The Map function does two various image processing techniques to process the input data. Java Advanced Imaging (JAI) is introduced in the map function in this proposed work. The processed intermediate data of the Map function is sent to the Reduce function for the further process. The Dynamic Handover Reduce Function (DHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function in this work. This algorithm is implemented in the Reduce function to reduce the waiting time while processing the intermediate data. The DHRF algorithm gives the final output by processing the Reduce function. The enhanced MapReduce concept and proposed optimized algorithm is made to work on Euca2ool (a Cloud tool) to produce an effective and better output when compared with the previous work in the field of Cloud Computing and Big Data.

eeds are the plants growing out of a place where they are not desired for a particular period of time. Weed problems have turned into a continuing struggle for farmers on account of the pressure to raise crops and maximize crop production to meet increasing demand of the fast growing human population. Weeds are the scarce and silent robbers of plant nutrients, soil moisture, solar energy and also occupy the space which would otherwise be available to the main crop; harbour insect-pests and disease causing organisms; exert adverse allelopathic effects; reduce quality of farm produce and increase cost of production. Weeds, unlike other pests, are omnipresent and account for at least one-third of this loss. Losses due to weeds are higher than those from insects and diseases – insects 30%, weeds 45%, diseases 20%, other pests 5% (Rao, 2000). Therefore, efficient weed management approach is expected to contribute significantly in sustaining agriculture. There are several methods for controlling weeds such as cultural method, manual and mechanical method, chemical method, allelopathy and integrated approach. The most practised one is hand weeding but it is laborious, timeconsuming, costly and also is not feasible under all situations. Now-a-days, for effective and economic weed control, herbicides are gaining popularity among the farmers. Out of total pesticide use, 17% is herbicides. The compound growth rate of herbicide consumption has been 13.7% against – 3.88% of insecticides for the last one decade (Aulakh, 2005). But the continuous use of herbicides poses many problems such as, it 1. causes health hazards 2. pollutes the environment 3. contaminates drinking water 4. contaminates the soil and terrestrial system 5. contaminates food and agricultural produces 6. contaminates aquatic and marine products 7. causes toxicity to the succeeding crop 8. develops resistance in weeds 9. causes shift in weed flora. Therefore, interest in non-chemical approaches which aim to

The study determined the level of life satisfaction,social interest and participation in extracurricular activitiesamong the undergraduate students of University of Lagos. Italso examined relationship between life satisfaction and socialinterest and investigated deregulatory effect of life satisfactionand social interest in participation of extracurricular activities.This is with a view to ensuring that students relate well with oneanother. The study employed the survey research design.The population of the study consisted of all undergraduatestudents of University of Lagos. However, 200 undergraduatestudents were purposively selected in the Faculty of Educationand Faculty of Social Sciences using stratified samplingtechniques.An instrument titled “Questionnaire of LifeSatisfaction, Social Interest and Participation in Extra CurricularActivities among Undergraduates Students” was developed toelicit information from the respondents. Four researchquestions and two research hypotheses were generated andanswered. Data were analyzed using simple percentage,multiple regression, Spearman correlation and chi-squarestatistics. Among others, the results showed a significantrelationship between the students’ level of life satisfaction andtheir respective levels of participation in extracurricularactivities (χ2 =. 19.99, p <0.05). The results also indicatedthat there was no significant relationship between the students’levels of social interest and their respective levels ofparticipation in extracurricular activities (χ2 =. 2.13, p > 0.05).The results concluded that family/friends relationships wereparticularly strong among undergraduate students becausethey demonstrated high level of life satisfaction.

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) is a noxious, unintended effect of a drug, occurring at normal doses in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiological function. ADRs are considered as the fourth to sixth leading cause of death among hospitalized patients. About 2.9-5.6% of all admissions are caused by adverse related events, and approximately 35% hospitalized patients experience an ADR. Objective: To identify the ADR by chart review method, to determine the causality of the ADR by Naranjo’s algorithm, to analyze the severity of the ADR by modified Hartwig method and to motivate the health care professionals to report ADRs in Nephrology ward of Gauhatu Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati. Preventability of ADR is done by Schumock&Thortonpreventibility scale. Materials and methods: A prospective observational and hospital based case control study(June 2011-May 2012)was carried out in the Nephrology ward of GHMC, including both out-patient and in- patient departments. All the values are statistically determined using parametric t-test and nonparametric fisher’s exact test or chi-square tests. Results: Out of 850 patient records, thecommonly occurring ADRs were moon face (n=16, 18.6%) followed by hypersensitivity (n=9, 10.4%) and hepatotoxicity (n=4, 4.65%).Gastrointestinal ADRs were highest in number followed by the hypersensitivity. Prednisolone was found to be the most offending drug followed by Nimesulide and Diclofenac. It is very clear that 12.7% ADRs were preventable. Conclusion: Renal dysfunction plays a significant role in occurrence of serious and multiple ADRs. Poly-pharmacy, comorbidity and number of diagnosis were found to be risk factors for ADRs

This communication investigates the effect of magnetic filed on oscillatory flow with the combined effects of fluctuating heat and mass transfer past vertical parallel porous flat plates. It is assumed that vertical channel is rotating with angular velocity . The periodic suction velocity is assumed at the plate and other plate oscillating with periodic free stream velocity. The governing equations are solved by adopting complex variable notations. The analytical expressions for velocity and temperature fields are obtained using perturbation technique. The effects of various parameters on mean primary, mean secondary velocity, mean temperature, mean concentration, transient velocity, transient temperature, transient concentration and rate of heat and mass transfer in terms of amplitude and phase differences have been discussed and shown graphically.