The paper traces the political problems that Kenyacurrently faces particularly the country’s inability to construct aunited national consciousness, historical relationships thatunfolded between the country’s foremost founders, JomoKenyatta and Oginga Odinga and the consequences of theirpolitical differences and subsequent-fallout in the 1960s. Thefall-out saw Kenyatta increasingly consolidating power aroundhimself and a group of loyalists from the Kikuyu communitywhile Odinga who was conceptualized as the symbolicrepresentative of the Luo community was confined to thewilderness of politics. This paper while applying the primordialand essentialist conceptual framework recognizes thedeterminant role that the two leaders played in establishing thefoundations for post-independent Kenya. This is especiallytrue with respect to the negative consequences that theirdiffering perspectives on Kenyan politics bequeathed thecountry, especially where the evolution of negative ethnicity isconcerned. As a result of their discordant political voices in thepolitical arena, there were cases of corruption, the killing ofinnocent Kenyans in Kisumu in 1969, political assassinationsof T J Mboya, Pio Gama Pinto and J M Kariuki among othersas this paper argues.

Biomechanical effect of tibial osteotomy is an external mechanical movement of the center of the knee and consequently a decrease in expenses in the medial compartment.To demonstrate this effect we proposed a mathematical calculation of the pressures in the two compartments of an equation with intake pressure as a function of mechanical displacement of the center of the knee.

On farm studies were conducted to determine the effects of intercrop row arrangements on the performances of maize (Zea mays L.) and haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops and the residual soil at Hallabaand Tabaareas, southern Ethiopia. The result revealed that there were significant differences among the cropping patterns on growth and yield components of both crops. Grain yield of the maize crop was observed to be the highest insole stand, which was statistically at par with the maize grown in 1:1 ratio with haricot bean. There was 15.5% yield reduction in maize when the number of haricot bean rows introduced between two maize rows increased from one to three, attributable to aggravation of inter-specific competition in the latter case. In the case of haricot bean crop, compared to the sole stand intercropping of one, two and three rows of haricot bean between two rows of maize had resulted in yield reductions of 56, 44.5 and 28.2%, respectively. Evaluation of the land use efficiency of the system in terms of land equivalent ratio (LER) has, however, showed improvement across the cropping pattern, where by 1:3 maize-haricot bean row ratio gave the highest land use efficiency value, 54% more efficient than growing both crops in sole stand. Total N content of the residual soil has also showed significant improvement due to the introduction of the leguminous haricot bean into the cropping system. In contrast, sole maze stands had contributed the least in amending the acidity problem of the experimental soils.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is significantly used in signal and image processing techniques for pattern recognition and template matching. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is combined with neural network to achieve higher compression if 2D data such as image. Image compression using neural network and DWT have shown superior results over classical techniques, with 70% higher compression and 20% improvement in Mean Square Error (MSE). Hardware complexity and powerissipation are the major challenges that have been addressed in this work for VLSI implementation. In this work, modified distributive arithmetic DWT and multiplexer based DWT architecture are designed to reduce the computation complexity of hybrid architecture for image compression. A 2D DWT architecture is designed with 1D DWT architecture and is implemented on FPGA that operates at 268 MHz consuming power less than 1W.

ThisstudyusesvariousstatisticaltechniquesinanattempttoquantifythemagnitudeandtodeterminethesignificanceoftrendsintheyieldsmajorfoodcropsatseasonalandannualtimescalesoverRwandafortheperiod2000-2010.Themagnitudederivedfromtheslopesoftheregression lines is presented spatially in the form of maps. Asteadyriseinmajorfoodcropsyieldswasregistered.Therewasahighernon-significantincreaseinbeansyieldsintheeast,northernandsouthwesternregions;andahighernonsignificant decrease in the southern and northwestern regions.Asignificantincreaseincassavayieldswasobservedinthecentralregion.Theeastsouthernandsouthwesternregionshad significant decreases in cassava yields in 2000-2005. Thesame was witnessed in the northwestern region in 2006-2010.Thecentralandnorthwesternregionshadasignificantincreasein Irish potato yields, especially in 2000-2005and asignificantreductionwasregisteredoverthesouthwestern,westernandeasternregions.However,thesoutheasternregion recorded a decrease in 2000-2005, and an increase in2006-2010. A significant decline in maize yields was observedinthewesternregionin2000-2005,whiletherestofcountryhadanincreaseespeciallyduringtheperiod2006-2010.Asignificant decrease in sweet potato yields was recorded in thesouthwesternandwesternregionsin2000-2005;andinthewestern, northwestern and southeastern regions in 2006-2010.A significant increase in sweet potato yields was recorded incentralRwanda.Thesespatio-temporaltrendsintheyieldsmajorfoodcropsmaybeinfluencedbythevariabilityinprecipitationintensityandfrequencyobservedrecentlyoverRwandaincombinationwiththeagriculturalreformsundertaken since 2007.

Aim: To detect the opportunistic infections (OIs) and level of immune suppression in HIV sero positive patients in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Material and methods: Study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, referral center for HIV diagnosis and treatment by NACO. Study period 27 months, January 2011 to April 2013. Clinical specimen include stool, sputum, CSF, lymph node aspiration, swabs from oral cavity, blood were collected from 178 confirmed HIV seropositive individuals. Results: Male female ratio was 1.41: 1. More number of HIV positive cases were seen in the age group of 31- 40 years (34%) and fever (72%) is the common clinical symptom. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (51%) was most commonly isolated pathogen, followed by Candida (39%), Cryptosporidium parvum (24%) with mean CD4 counts 231, 160 and 72 cells / l respectively. Poly microbial infections were seen in 34% of the study volunteers.Conclusion: OIs are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV positive patients. So early and correct diagnosis of OIs is required for proper disease management.

There are millions of jobs and everyone feels that his/her job is unique to them, their product and finally to their organization. But the fact remains that all the jobs are just combinations of 19 basic motions that are used to perform any task. The productivity is key to survival of any organizations and hence profitability. The productivity is defined as “Optimum Utilization of Available Resources”. To achieve productivity of the highest order, The consumption of all the resources viz Men, Material, Machine, Money and Methodology” have to be optimized. There are primarily three methods of determining the “Standard Time” in which a worker should perform a task: i) Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (M.O.S.T) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to get the standard time in which a worker should perform a task. ii) Time Study is a traditional Work Measurement technique which is involved to calculate the time of the operation in an assembly line with the help of instrument (Stopwatch). iii) Taylorism, System of scientific management advocated by Fred W. Taylor. In Taylor’s view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance. He broke each job down into its individual motions, analyzed these to determine which were essential, and timed the workers with a stopwatch. With unnecessary motion eliminated, the worker, following a machinelike routine, became far more productive. In the present work, comparative case study of the “M.O.S.T.” and “Traditional Time Study” was carried out for Fitment of particular parts at M/S Adithya Automotive Application Pvt Ltd. Lucknow and Assembly Line-3 at Tata Motors Ltd, Lucknow and there was appreciable decrease in time taken by M.O.S.T. in accomplishment of task in both the cases. A total decrease of 16.8% was observed in M/S Adithya Au

In order to support the basic information for designing the soft ground improvement, it is highly recommended to understand the spatial distribution of the geotechnical parameters in the landfill site. Therefore, in the present study, we applied Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to detect the characteristics of spatial distribution of the parameters which have been measured in Songsan Green City. For the purpose, the input dataset for SOM was constructed with the classification by USCS, initial Void ratio, unconfined compression strength, compression index from the stations of 41 in the site. Consequently, the methodology based on the SOM proposed in the present study can be considered that it is highly applicable to detect the spatial distribution of the Parameters and it can be used effectively for the further utilization as a data analysis tool.

Two way slabs are slabs in which the surface load is transferred in two directions. Two way slabs have many types: slabs supported on beams between all columns, slabs without beams and waffle slabs. Slabs with beams are commonly used for high loads and or large spans. The deflection in the slab panel depends mainly on the beams stiffness. The deflection at middle of panels decreases as the stiffness of the supporting beams increases. The internal forces and especially the bending moments are increased in the beams as their stiffness increases. This paper will illustrate the sequence of increase in beam moments as the beams stiffness increases. Slabs with different beams stiffness and longer span to short span ratios will be studied. Also, the principle of 45 degrees- load- distribution principle for beams will be discussed. The computer program sap2000 will be used in structural modeling.

The study was designed to evaluate effectiveness of Sisal foil wrapped milk containers on enhancing shelf life of the camel milk that was transported long distance in Borana zone. Hence, the primary lactodency meter test indicated the specific gravity of camel milk ranged from 1.020-1.022 at 20°c lactodency meter. At farm gate samples were negative for alcohol test that insured its freshness. All the samples in wrapped containers stayed negative for both alcohol and cloton- boiling test at the terminal market, whereas, the rest were positive for alcohol test. Resazurin test revealed that the entire samples didn’t show any significant variation in color change during the first 10min. After one hour of incubation, however, sample in new plastic container exposed to sun light was totally changed to pink followed by in local most exposed container that was changed to whitish pink only after 3hours of incubation. The sample in new plastic container that was most exposed to sun light cultured highest microbial load (6 x 105) followed by sample in local most exposed container (4 x 105) where as none of the sample in wrapped containers harbored significant load (4 x 105). The result of the study enabled us to conclude that wrapping the container has a paramount importance in maintaining the quality of milk transported long distance exposed to sun light. Hence, all the participants responsible for milk quality monitoring and enhancement have to be strengthened and scale up this technology.