Sketches by Boz is marked by a tension between reality and mimesis which continues throughout Dickens’s career. This tension produces a series of dichotomies in Dickens’s work, a number of which have been noted by critics. This paper will examine the duality of Dickens’s artistic vision and will argue that the tension between objective reality and subjective interiority help Dickens achieve a unique view of Victorian England. Critics have often characterized Dickens’s writing as being realistic. This trend began with John Forster, who, in The Life of Charles Dickens wrote that “Things are painted literally as they are; and, whatever the picture, whether of every-day vulgar, shabby genteel, or downright low, with neither the condescending air which is affectation, nor the too familiar one which is slang” (Forster 92-93). While Dickens is often identified as a “realistic” author, there is no standard literary definition of what constitutes realism. Although a universally recognized definition of realistic writing does not exist, a number of characteristics are associated with realism. These characteristics include a depiction of external events which are presented as being true to life and are meant to be taken literally. In addition, the interior reality of the work is meant to be consistent with the reality observed in the external world. Finally, the reality of the work is not influenced by the opinions or preferences of the author; as a corollary to this, the author’s presence should not intrude into the narration of the work.

In this present study the post buckling cha-racteristics of moderately thick-walled filament-wound carbon– epoxy composite cylinders under external hydrostatic pressure were investigated through finite element analysis for under water vehicle applications. The winding angles were [±30/90] FW, [±45/90] FW and [±60/90] FW. Finite element software ANSYS 14.0 were used to predicted the buckling pressure of filament-wound composite cylinders. For the finite element modeling of a composite cylinder, an eight-node shell element is used. To verify the finite element results for comparison, three finite element software, MSC/NASTRAN , MSC/MARC and an in-house program ACOS were used. Among these software’s, the finite element software ANSYS predicts the buckling loads within 1.5% deviation. The analysis and test results showed that the cylinders do not recover the initial buckling pressure after buckling and that this leads directly to the collapse. Major failure modes in the analysis were dominated by the helical winding angles. The finite element analysis shows global buckling modes with four waves in the hoop direction.

The utilization of operating theatres and efficiency of nurse scheduling has an impact on patient outcomes, hospital finances and clinical effectiveness. To date, research has tended to focus on the output rather than on the process of nurse scheduling. We report on use of the Lean mapping tool, Makigami, in operating room (OR) nurse scheduling. This study was conducted at a large surgical department in the Netherlands. A multidisciplinary team of nine health-care professionals used Makigami, includingfive steps: (1) mapping the current state of OR nurse scheduling, (2) setting the ideal state and the first target condition, (3) performing a fishbone analysis, (4) conducting actions and (5) mapping the revised process of OR nurse scheduling. The current OR nurse scheduling process showed 44 transfers, 42 documents and 64 types of waste, which collectively led to 35 errors in 7 days. The first target condition was to guarantee quality of care:the right employees, at the right time, in the right place without errors. The revised process, as a result of the action plans that emerged through the fishbone analysis, led to an outcome of two errors in 7 days with a reduction in waste of 41%. The use of Makigami led to an optimized OR nurse scheduling process: the right OR nurses, with the right qualifications, were scheduled for the right surgical procedures. A focus on process led to a reduction in transfers and errors, which indicate a higher quality of care.

With the widespread use of computer and network technologies for facilitating access to scholarly journals, a new methodology has emerged for studying journal usage and scholarly information seeking behavior. Computers record or log all user transactions in a plain text file known as a ‘transaction log’. Log files contain data about many of the details of the user’s interaction with the system. Hence, some researchers have adopted log analysis to find out about the use of electronic journals in terms of both the volume and patterns of use. Web log analysis or the Transaction log analysis has immense potential for studying online journal’s use and their user’s information seeking behavior. Log studies have been particularly helpful in understanding the searching and browsing behavior of e-journals’ users. Most importantly, the data generated from ‘log analysis’ is ‘pure’, and most importantly ‘without human intervention’. Hence the authenticity of the data is guaranteed. The major findings that the authors would like to report in this paper are: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied for testing the significant difference among the mean scores attained from the aerospace scientists and engineers of the 5 aerospace organizations selected for the study for ‘e-Journal downloads per year / per publisher’. It is observed that all the 5 aerospace organizations show a significant difference (P < 0.05) in their mean scores viz., ‘Elsevier’, John Wiley (Inter-Science)’, ‘Cambridge University Press (CUP’, ‘Oxford University Press (OUP)’, ‘American Mathematical Society (AMS)’, ‘American Chemical Society (ACS)’, ‘American Institute of Physics (AIP)’, ‘Indian National Science Academy (INSA)’, ‘Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS)’, ‘Royal Society of London (RSL)’, ‘Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (JAS)’, ‘Air Force – Airman’ and ‘Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technologies (AEAT)’ except for ‘Spri

The goal of this paper is to understand the different factors of the rate of entrepreneurial intentions in rural and urban settings. Using data from survey we test for factors that are expected to affect entrepreneurial between rural and urban areas. We assume one hypothesis; the main difference of rural and urban entrepreneurs is the different resources in two areas. The resources used in this study are individual resources and contextual resources individual resources are composed of self-efficacy and demographic characteristics, contextual resources consist of social support and economic resources. Using these independent factors, we conducted Ttests to compare different resources in rural and urban areas. The results of the analysis suggest that the difference in available individual, economic and social support resources does not explain the observed difference in entrepreneurship rate. The results also indicate that gender, ethnicity, income, and number of children in the family have different effects on entrepreneurial intentions in rural and urban settings. The results suggest that policy makers need to account for cultural or geographical differences when designing entrepreneurial educational and support programs in order to enhance the establishment of new business between rural and urban areas.

The mainstream of women in development planning is critical in determining the extent to how much women could participate and obtain benefit from development process. Understanding the relationship between macroeconomic policies and Central and State budgets in the context of economic reforms, as it has influenced women’s lives in several ways. It is economic sense to make national budgets gender sensitive, as it is more effective way in targeting government expenditure to women specific activities. The present study is to spell out the Union and State level scenario towards Women Component Plan (WCP) as a gender budgeting tool. It analyses outlay/expenditure under component plan for the period ranging from 1997-98 to 2011- 12. Under WCP, both Central and State Government are required to ensure that at least 30 percent of funds are earmarked for women under various schemes of ‘women related’ ministries/departments. The outlay/expenditure under WCP has been fluctuating during this period. There is an apparent fall of Rs. 2,441.43 crore in 2007-08 in Gender Budget allocation for women.

The world of finance works better through logistics and there are more to a risk measurement and hedging than being coherent. Thus, several predictable assumptions hast been made in other to make risk calculation and hedging tractable which both Value-at-risk (VaR) and Conditional tail expectation (CTE or CVAR) ignore useful information on target . The question is can the classical law of iterated logarithm(LIL)be centralized for risky and contingent hedging capacities? Here we find the imposition of the law of iterated logarithm (LIL) constraint unique and complete, hence continuous for the QUEST as it utilizes information in the whole distribution, curbs rate of returns on target, provides incentives for risk management and raises challenges of performances and cost.

Water is a prime mover of all activities and essential feature for all modern developments. Water is distributed in different forms, such as rain water, river water, spring water and mineral water. Rain water is considered to be the purest form, however, is associated with dissolved gases such as CO2, SO2, NH3 etc., from atmosphere. Water used for Industrial development and municipal purposes, it is better to ensure the quality of water for these purposes. There is influence of Industrial waste. Sewage on the water quality, the waste products can change the water Chemistry. Water gives life to Industries, but, Industries kill the water Chemistry. The waste water which emerges out after uses from industries have no definite composition, the pollutants associated with industrial effluents such as organic matter, inorganic dissolved solids, fertilizer materials, suspended solids, heavy metals from toxic pollutants and micro organisms and also pathogens. The industrial wastes are responsible for water color, turbidity, odour, hardness, toxic elements, bacteria and micro organisms. Industrial wastes contain poisonous chemicals which are difficult to remove from its homogeneous solution state.

Despite the strategic position and specific economic conditions of Khorasan Province including location in the course of the route linking East to West and distinctive mineral resources, no integrated study has been conducted to date for understanding the prehistoric cultures in this province. Therefore, archaeological excavations in Chenaran site as a major site in Mashhad Plain can elucidate the dark archeological aspects and chronological vacuum in this field. Chenaran site is located on the northern margin of the current city of Chenaran in Khorasan Razavi Province. It was excavated in the summer of 2012. The main objectives were to estimate the extent of the prehistoric site of Chenaran and present relative and absolute chronology from the lower layers to the end of settlement, and fortunately considerable results in this field were achieved. In this paper, only the relative chronology results have been pointed, and it is hoped that absolute chronology results are independently released in another article, which is currently under consideration. According to the pilot study and in a comparative approach with the settlements in southwestern Turkmenistan, Chenaran site pottery is comparable with Anu Ia to Namazgah III period.

Supervised learning techniques require large number of labeled examples to build a classifier which is often difficult and expensive to collect.Unsupervised learning techniques, even though do not require labeled examples often form clusters regardless of the intended purpose or context. The authors proposes a semi supervised learning framework that leverages the large number of unlabeled examples in addition to limited number of labeled examples to form clusters as per the context. This framework also supports the development of semi supervised classifier based on the proximity of unknown example to the clusters so formed. The authors proposes a new algorithm namely “Semi Supervised Relevance Feature Estimation”, (SFRE), to identify the relevant features along with their significance weightages which is integrated with the proposed framework. Experiments conducted on the benchmark datasets from UCI gave results which are very promising and consistent even with lesser number of labeled examples.