This study examines security challenges in Nigeria and its growing effects in the nascent democracy. The cardinal objective of this study is to juxtapose the interconnectivity between Democracy, Terrorism and the insecurity vortex in Nigeria. Using a dynamic generalized method of moments panel data analysis, the study finds that political instability arising from the absence of an enviable political culture, religious intolerance and fanaticism, bad governance, ethnic rivalry, uneven distribution of development projects and amenities, abuse and misuse of power, unemployment and concentration of wealth in the hands of a disproportionate lazy few are some of the factors that threaten security in Nigeria. The study concludes that without viable alternative options for checkmating the activities of terrorists in the country, it is unlikely that democracy cannot thrive well and human rights cannot be sustained. It therefore recommended among other things that; Nigerian politicians while seeking political power should endeavour to play the game of politics by the rules, government must always strive through good policies and programmes to impact positively on the life of the people, there should be a national philosophy that would serve as a national impulse and guide individual actions and domestic intelligence and surveillance should also be applied as counter-terrorism strategies.

Flemingia macrophylla is introduced and established with the aim of helping to mitigate the dry season fodder deficit in many developing countries. A study was carried out to assess the effect of season and defoliation frequency on the fodder yield and the chemical constituents of F. macrophylla. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 2 2 factorial arrangements of treatments for four-years-old mature stands of F. macrophylla. Dry and wet were the levels of season factor and three months and six months defoliation intervals were the levels of defoliation frequency. Each treatment was replicated for five times. The nutrient contents of fodders were determined using proximate analysis. The results showed that the plants harvested on wet season had higher (p<0.01) dried fodder yield than the plants harvested in dry seasons. The plants defoliated in three months interval had yielded higher (p<0.001) annual fodder biomass than the plants defoliated in six months interval. Likewise, the fodder harvested in the wet season had better nutrient composition compared to the fodder harvested in dry season. Similarly, the fodder harvested in three months defoliation interval had better nutrient composition than the fodders harvested in six months defoliation. The results revealed that the seasonal variation in dry and wet season yields of F. macrophylla was prominent, and harvesting of the fodder in three months defoliation interval could be the better practice in comparison to defoliation in six months interval in order to produce higher fodder yield with better nutrient composition.

Background: Self-rating inventories to assess tridoshas (Vata,Pitta and Kapha) have been developed and validated for adults. The objective of this study was to develop and standardize self-rating scale to assess the Mānasika prakrti(Sattva,Rajas and Tamas) of the children according to Ayurveda . Method: The 54-item Sushruta Child Personality Inventory(SCPI) was developed on the basis of translation of Sanskrit verses describing Sattva (A), Rajas(B) and Tamas prakrti (C) characteristics, described in Ayurveda texts and by taking the opinions of 6 Ayurveda experts and two psychologists. The scale was administered on children of the age group 8-12 years in New Generation National Public school. Results: This inventory was named Sushruta Child personality inventory (SCPI) and showed high internal consistency. The Cronbach’s alpha for A, B and C scales were 0.60, 0.64 and 0.61 respectively. And the Split-Half reliability for A,B and C scales were 0.62, 0.68 and 0.54 respectively. Factor validity coefficient scores on each items was above 0.3 on Sattva , Rajas and Tamas scale. The result of SCPI was compared with parent rating scale Ayurveda Guna Inventory for Children (AGIC). Subscales of SCPI correlated highly positively (above 0.9) with subscales of AGIC, which was applied to check validation of SCPI with respect to AGIC. Conclusions: The Manasika prakrti (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) of the children can be measured reliably utilizing Sushruta Child Personality Inventory (SCPI). Correlation with parent rating scale suggested criterion –related validity.

This work is centered on bringing out the link between credit to the private sector, inflation and economic growth. When lending to the economy is insufficient, it poses a problem of slow growth and when credit to the economy is too high, it poses a problem of hyper-inflation. Using data from world development indicators, it employs a Vector auto regressive model involving a system of three equations, testing for the direction of causality amongst the variables using the VAR Granger causality block exogeneity Wald Tests. The results obtain shows that inflation has a positive and significant effect on growth, economic growth has a positive and significant effect on credit to the economy and credit to the economy has a negative and significant effect on inflation. Inflation granger causes economic growth, economic growth granger causes credit to the private sector and credit to the private sector granger causes inflation.

This paper explores the humanitarian impact of terrorism in Nigeria from the standpoint of Boko Haram insurgency. This is against the backdrop of the rising spate of violent attacks orchestrated by members of the Islamic sect in the northern part of the country over the years. By way of scholarly exegesis and empirical evidence, predicated on secondary sources, the paper posits that the Boko Haram insurgency has resulted in dire humanitarian situation as evident in human casualties, human right abuses, population displacement and refugee debacle, livelihood crisis, and public insecurity. The paper submits that this scenario portends negatively for the sustenance of national security in Nigeria. The paper recommends a strategic paradigm shift from anti-terrorism to counter-terrorism as a strategy for containing the crisis.

The paper introduces an educational approach developed by Eleanor R. Duckworth named Critical Exploration in the Classroom (section 1) and outlines the basic educational components central to this approach (section 2). After that selected finding so fan in-depth case study conducted in Professor Duckworth’s higher education classroom at Harvard Graduate School of Education in the United States will be presented. The empirical case study investigated how the learning environment in the classroom was designed to support deep exploratory learning exploring both, curriculum design and pedagogy (section 3). As a result, pedagogical implications on how educators can use their know-ledge to help students learn will be outlined (section 4).

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Tanzania is the most democratic nation in the East Africa region, although according to UNDP (n.d.) popular attitudes towards democratic practice in the country are ambivalent (Sunday Citizen, 15/01/ 2012). A comparative civic study done by Riutta (2007) concluded that Tanzanians were generallyinterested in politics. Despite this there is also a sense that citizens do not get the chance to truly engage in the political process for several reasons, includng fear, apathy and domination by a single party for a good part of the country’s political history. Citizens often lack awareness of their rights and how these rights can be voiced and channelled into the government system. Indeed according to critical analysts (Chaligha et al, 2002; Schellschmidt, 2006; Jensen, 2010), Tanzanian villages are more used to receiving government directives than being involved in making decisions that involve the government.In 1993, therenowned judge Lugakingira had occasion to observe that Tanzanins found contentment in being “receivers” rather than “seekers”, and hintedthat, “...over the years since independence Tanzanians have developed a culture of apathy and silence” (Lugakingira, 1993).Lange, et al (2000) found that the “culture of silence” that developed during one-party rule seemed to prevail and apparently there was no culture of voicing discontent, not to mention taking action. An African Afrobarometer Survey of 2002 concluded that Tanzanians exhibited a high level of patience, which was manifested through “uncritical and passive acceptance” of the status quo (Chaligha, et al op. cit). The survey went on to claim that there was a tendency among Tanzanians to accept whatever their leaders gave them, resulting in a paradox whereby trust in government institutions and satisfaction with the performance of political leaders endured, even if people were disgruntled. The same survey found that civic competen

Security is an essential feature of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Information has to be encrypted at the transmitter side to maintain secrecy and decrypted at the receiver side to retrieve the original information for secure data transmission over insecure computer data communication networks. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of blowfish algorithm with and without Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) style to incorporate security against differential power analysis. It compares Encryption Time (Et), Decryption Time (Dt) andTotal Time (Tt) of Blowfish, Modified Blowfish with and without WDDL logic for secure Integrated Circuits (SIC) [7, 8]. Modified Blowfish with and without WDDL logic yielded good results compared to Blowfish with and without WDDL logic implementation . This paper is implemented using Xilinx webpack9.2i with Verilog Hardware Description language (HDL).

Eclipta alba is a herb commonly found throughout India. This plant is known to have various pharmacological activities and is traditionally used in treatment but it lacks adequate scientific proof of this activity and constituents responsible for it. The present paper describes the phytochemical and pharma-cological investigations of Eclipta alba.

A commitment refers to attachment and loyalty. An affective commitment is an employee’s emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in an organization. It influence personal characteristics, structural characteristics, and work experiences. The purpose of it is study is to analyse the role of affective commitment in employee’s life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is the embodiment of a global judgment about one’s life taken as a whole. It is positive evaluation of the condition of one’s life, judgment. In this study sample includes 200 employees of NTPC of India from Sonbhadra District. The sample consisted of managerial employees who volunteered to participate in the study.The data has been analysing by descriptive analysis, correlation, linear regression, and ANOVA. The results were found that organizational affective commitment is highly significantly related with life satisfaction among managerial employees.