In recent years string matching plays a functional role in many application like information retrieval, gene analysis, pattern recognition, linguistics, bioinformatics etc. For understanding the functional requirements of string matching algorithms, we surveyed the real time parallel string matching patterns to handle the current trends. Primarily, in this paper, we focus on present developments of parallel string matching, and the central ideas of the algorithms and their complexities. We present the performance of the different algorithms and their effectiveness. Finally this analysis helps the researchers to develop the better techniques.

Estimates of crop yield are desirable for managing agricultural lands. Remote sensing is the one technology that can give an unbiased view of large areas, with spatially explicit information distribution and time repetition, and has thus been widely used to estimate crop yield and offers great potential for monitoring production, yet the uncertainties associated with large-scale crop yield estimates are rarely addressed. In this study, we tried to estimate cotton cropped area using the supervised classification; planting dates for 11 years (1998 to 2009) of Landsat imagery, and fractional yield using MODIS (Terra) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) in an intensive agricultural region of Burewala, Punjab province of Pakistan. Vegetation indices are widely used for assessing and monitoring ecological variables such as vegetation cover and above-ground biomass. Monitoring the spatial distribution of cotton yield helps identifying sites with yield constraints. The newly available satellite images from the MODIS sensor provide enhanced atmospheric correction, cloud detection, improved geo-referencing, comprehensive data quality control and the enhanced ability to monitor vegetation development. The high temporal resolution of the MODIS datasets can provide an efficient and consistent way for biomass and fractional yield monitoring and assessment. The reflected radiation provides an indication of the type and density of canopy. The condition, distribution, structure and the development of the vegetation through the phenological stages can affect the relation between yield and NDVI. The high spatial resolution Landsat images were applied to extract the area under cotton cultivation within the landscape and to determine the cotton fraction among other land uses within the coarse spatial resolution MODIS pixels.

Most recently, the Hurricane Research Division of the U. S. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) has made extensive surveys of the roughness length (Zo) in each of the 213 Automated Surface Observation Stations (ASOS) located in tropical-cyclone prone regions. The original 8 values of Zo for each of the 45 degree segments within the 360 degree compass in each ASOS station are averaged geometrically to obtain one typical value for each of these 213 ASOS stations. Six ASOS stations are verified independently by the gust factor method during 5 hurricanes. Since the difference is within the 10 % composite accuracy for field measurements in wind speed, the computed geometric mean Zo values for each of the 213 ASOS stations are recommended for practical use. Applications of the proposed geometric mean Zo value to estimate the 3-second gust, peak gust, and peak factor during Hurricane Katrina are also provided for engineers as an example.

This research explores the nature of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Bangladesh context, using modified Carroll‘s (1991) CSR Pyramid which is developed by the author as a framework for descriptive analysis. Practicing CSR is very much important in our country. But the concept of CSR activities is not clear in our country. So we develop a CSR model by modifying Carroll‘s Pyramid. This study provides empirical evidences of this modified model from Bangladeshi customers‘ perspective. A survey of 50 respondents was conducted in Dhaka city through a structured questionnaire. The results show that Bangladeshi customers ranked the four dimensions as economic, legal, environmental, and philanthropic accordingly. This study is helpful to understand the CSR concept more clearly to the corporate executives of Bangladesh.

Mental retardation is a worldwide problem and in India it is a shocking and alarming fact that approximately 2.5 to 3% of the total populations are mentally retarded. Mental retardation is not only a biological, educational or psychological problem but it is a multi-dimensional problem of a mixture of psycho-social, biological and educational factor. But the public and professional interest in the etiology of mental retardation and their in the problems faced by retarded children and their families has been at best meager and sporadic. This apathy has persisted despite the high incidence of mental subnormal threats the world, a problem which no society can avoid. This study aims to find out the Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded children in Kolkata. The study reveals that 27 out of 30 parents have shown their favorable parental attitude which is above 50 % of the total. Rest 3 have shown unfavorable parental attitude, which is below 50 % of the total. But those who are even above 50% do not have 100% positive attitude. As the problem is not a biological, social worker should play a significant role in solving this social problem. Therefore this research study is taken.

Brane model of universe is considered for a free particle. Conservation laws on the brane are obtained using the symme-try properties of the brane. Equation of motion is derived for a particle using variation principle from these conservation laws. This equation includes terms accounting the variation of brane radius. Its solution is obtained at some approx-imations. Dispersion relation for a particle and formula for variation of its speed at variation of brane curvature are derived.

Most researches have been done for past few decades on distributed sensor and also fabricating the fibre optic to make sensor to detect vibration, cracks on the building and environmental factors. Due to the fact that fibre optic sensors are small, electrically isolated and immune to electromagnetic fields, they are an adequate choice to incorporate into the composite material designs. In this study, the transmission losses due to pressure on an optical fiber to determine the pressure sensitivity were investigated using a commercial optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). A multimode optical fiber (50/125) was subjected to pressure using various mass in the range of 500 g to 2000 g at 25 m and 50 m from the end of the fiber. The mass was placed on the fiber using microbend test rigs. The sensor with an area 910 x 10-6 m2 with corrugation periodicity 2 mm for sensor I and 1.6 mm for sensor II was constructed. The Optical signal of 1300 nm from the OTDR was transmitted along a fiber of length of 1173.5 m. The optical output is analyzed using OTDR Trace Viewer 4.1 and the transmission losses were determined by two point loss and combination loss methods. The transmission loss increases with increase in pressure and increases with increase in sensor placement from the end of an optical fiber towards the transmitter. The sensor sensitivity remain constant at 25 m and 50 m determined by two point loss method with the value of 3 x10-4 dB/Pa for sensor I and 4 x 10-4 dB/Pa for sensor II. However the sensor sensitivity increases to 5 x 10-4 dB/Pa for sensor I and to 11 x 10-4 dB/Pa for sensor II when sensors were placed at 50 m. Therefore, the sensor II is more sensitive than I due to more microbendings.

Because of their capability to distinguish groups with sporadic limits, least spanning treebased grouping calculations have been generally utilized within practice. Be that as it may, in such bunching calculations, the quest for closest neighbour in the development of least spanning trees is the primary wellspring of processing and the standard results take O(N 2) time. In this paper, we exhibit a quick least spanning tree-motivated grouping calculation, which, by utilizing a proficient execution of the cut and the cycle property of the least spanning trees, can have much preferable execution than O(N 2).

In the era of industrialization small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play great role in world economy. The developed as well as developing countries are being benefited from SMEs which holds a strong position creating new employment and helping in the development and supporting in local production. The job creation element of SMEs enables many poor people to feel more secure, assuring that they have a stable job to survive .But the actual situation and overall working condition of SME’s is very dreadful especially due to limitation of resources, facilities and techniques. This paper compares different performance criteria on three different SME and indicates a standard benchmark SME using fuzzy-TOPSIS analysis. The proposed method states optimum SME working condition among different performance variables with different values. Qualitative variables with multiple criteria problems have been analyzed here. As human assessment is uncertain and often subjective for qualitative characteristics, the alternatives’ characteristics are expressed in linguistic terms. These linguistic terms are then evaluated through integrated fuzzy-TOPSIS method to produce numerical value which is the performance rating for each characteristic of SME alternatives. According to the fuzzy rule, the alternative with the highest value is chosen as the standard and other variables of alternatives are compared with the standard. The advantage of using fuzzy- TOPSIS is that it distinguishes benefit and cost category criteria and selects solution that is closed to the positive ideal solutions and far from the negative ideal solutions. Moreover, the paper offers a new method of identifying best SME using integrated fuzzy-TOPSIS and recommends optimum performance variables.

Households need surplus output to meet both consumption requirements and market demand. To achieve this, households intuitively produce enough quantities of crops to satisfy these. Only a small proportion of the total output is taken to the more lucrative (but distant) urban markets for sale. This study aimed at analyzing the factors determining smallholder cassava farmer‟s market orientation. Household survey was conducted with a total of one hundred respondents. Descriptive Statistics was used in describing the socio- economic status of farmer households in the study area and Tobit model to identify factors that influenced market orientation. Result revealed that majority of the respondents were male (74%) and had a mean farming experience of 22 years, the average age was 49 years with an average household size of 5. An average of 4.87 acres of land was owned by the farmers while 1.33 acres was allocated to cassava production in the last growing season. Results obtained from econometric analysis revealed that, age (p<0.05; β=0.0027478); education (p<0.05; β =0.0365234); gender (p<0.10; β =0.0661173) and distance (p<0.10; β =0.0083176) significantly influenced market orientation. Policy that would promote formation of rural information bureaus alongside the mobile-telephony systems that are already being piloted by some institutions should be pursued.