This paper deals with mechanising agricultural process through electronic and embedded components. The aim of the paper is to elaborately explain the processes done by the so called agrobot.

Invasions by non-native species are increasingly detected all over the World, as a consequence of globalization. Successful establishment implies the presence of unexploited niches and/or competitive advantage of invader vs. native closely related species. As a consequence, invasion also impacts functional diversity and trophic relationships in ecosystems. Feeding niche is a relevant component of ecological niche; it can be investigated by means of C, N stable isotopes analyses (SIA). Here we present results of a study in which feeding niche of the invader Rutius rutilus is compared with those of Coregone lavaretus and Alosa agone. in a deep, subalpine lake (Lago Maggiore, Italy ). By applying SIA we quantified seasonal shifts in pelagic vs. littoral diet sources and in their percentage contributions for the three species. Feeding plasticity, namely spatial and temporal displacement, allowed for a peaceful coexistence of the invader and the other two potential competitors.

In India the solid waste increasing rapidly day by day due to increasing the living standards of human beings by leaps & bounds in India approximately last twenty years and due to increasing population. The handling of solid waste in India is not up to the mark. We always consider that it is a total waste thing, but if we reduce, reuse or recycle it becomes a very useful thing. The poor handling of solid waste cause of increases the pollution, human beings health, Rising global temperatures, animals, and many types of ecosystems and bad effect on environment. In this paper we describe that solid waste handling is not a single man work; it is the sole responsibility of all the human beings to maintain the balance of the ecosystem by proper handling the solid wastes. In this paper we also describe that the role of human being to reduce the solid waste and government of India.

Nowadays English language and culture have grabbed every nucleus of almost all the University students in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, English is taught as a compulsory subject in schools, colleges, and in universities i.e. from the primary level to the tertiary level. The students of Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh are no exception. Here, the students think that using English not only facilitates communication but also help them do well in their future life. Some students think that it is a way to show smartness. Out of all these, the present researcher seeks to find out the impact and influence of the English language on the lifestyle of the tertiary level students in Bangladesh. It also tries to prove the fact that English language is a machine or a tool of domination and power. The paper briefly discusses the origin of English language in the Indian subcontinent and in Bangladesh. It also refers to the works done on the same area by different researchers. Then it provides an overview or an analysis of some questions to sort out the use of English by the students. It finds out in what ways the students use English language. At last, it offers some recommendations and solution to get out of the influence of the English language.

Background: Students of higher educational institution are at higher risk of substance abuse. Currently, substance abuse is one of the most burning public health problems in Ethiopia. Although it has been known that this public health problem is a pressing issue, the real extent and magnitude of drug abuse is not yet properly explored. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the overall prevalence of substance abuse among students and factors associated with it. Simple random sampling technique was conducted to select 423 students from the list of students name in their respective batch after stratifying them based on year of study. A pretested semi structured anonymous questionnaire was used to collect data, which was entered and cleaned using Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed to examine the prevalence and predictors of substance abuse. CAGE-AID was used to measure substance abuse. Results: The overall prevalence of substance abuse was 14.1 %. The commonly abused substances were alcohol 13.4 %, khat 7.8 %, and cigarette 5.4 %. Sex [AOR, 95% CI; 3.550 (1.451, 8.685)], peer pressure [AOR, 95% CI 3.405 (1.047, 11.076)], availability of the drugs [AOR, 95% CI 3.394 (1.677, 6.868)],family drug use[AOR, 95% CI; 2.698 (1.337, 5.443)], personal pleasure [AOR, 95% CI 3.346 (1.315, 8.512] and academic dissatisfaction [AOR, 95% CI 2.739(1.253, 5.985)] were found to be significantly associated with students to abuse substances

Cost estimation is one of the most challenging tasks in project management. It is to accurately estimate needed resources and required schedules for software development projects. The software estimation process includes estimating the size of the software product to be produced, estimating the effort required, developing preliminary project schedules, and finally, estimating overall cost of the project. Nearly one-third projects over run their budget and late delivered and two-thirds of all major projects substantially over run their original estimates. Effort is a function of size. For estimating effort first we face sizing problem. In direct approach size is measured in lines of code (LOC). In indirect approach, size is represented as Function Points (FP). In this paper we use both approach with different technique.

A field experiment was conducted under south Gujarat conditions at Fruit Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Gandevi, Dist. Navsari. The treatments comprised of three levels of nitrogen viz., 100, 150 and 200 g per plant and three methods of application viz ., 100, 75 and 50 per cent through drip and rest as soil application. In control, recommended dose of 200-90-200 g NPK per plant was applied fully in soil. The phosphorus (90 g plant-1) along with 5 kg FYM per plant were applied at the time of planting, while potassium (200 g plant-1) was applied in three equal splits as soil application at monthly interval from third month onward. The experiment thus included ten treatments, which were replicated four times. The trial was laid out in randomized block design. The banana was planted at 1.0m x 1.2 m x 2.0 m spacing with pair row method (6250 plants ha-1). In the drip system, daily irrigation at 0.75 pan evaporation rate was followed; while in control plot, surface irrigation was given at 12-15 days interval in winter season and at 8-10 days interval in summer. Results revealed that the banana plants fertilized with different doses of nitrogen through drip as well as soil application in three different methods were significantly affected on vegetative growth, quality and yield of banana under pair row method of planting. The maximum (103.44 cm) plant height and circumference (43.93 cm) of the pseudostem were registered in the treatment of 150 g N per plant applied through drip only. The number of leaves and leaf area were not influenced by various levels of nitrogen. Early flowering and early maturity were noticed in treatment of 150 g N per plant applied through drip only, while the plants treated with lower and higher levels of nitrogen showed late flowering and late maturity. Yield and yield attributing characters like bunch length (60.05 cm), number of hands per bunch (8.97), number of fingers per bunch (147.41) and bunch weight (19.60 kg plant-1)

This study compares the microbial load associated with smoked fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) from Oyan lake and Ogun waterside in Ogun State. Three samples each were purchased from Lafenwa and Makun-omi markets respectively. Microbial load in the skin, intestine and gills were assessed using Macconky Agar (MA), and Nutrient Agar (NA) to isolate bacteria while Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used to isolate fungi. The average bacterial counts for all the samples ranged from 3.1 x106 to 4.9 x106 in makun market while 6.8 x106 to 13.8 x106 in lafenwa market has the highest bacteria count. The microorganism isolated and identified in the markets include the following families of bacteria: Bacillus spp (10%, 10%), Micrococcus spp (10%, 10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5%, 10%), Escherichia coli (10%, 15%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5%, 10%) of which Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus percentage occurrence rate were higher in lafenwa market. The fungal family include; Fusarium spp (14.3%, 28.6%), Mucor spp (14.3%, 28.6%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (0.0%, 14.3%). The results therefore showed that smoked fish from Oyan lake were heavily contaminated than that of Ogun waterside when compared with the maximum recommended bacteria count for good quality product and this has effect on human health after consumption. The contamination of the surrounding environment with industrial and domestic waste should be controlled as well as ensure proper handling of fish. The health implication to consumers and the public health importance was also revealed in the stud

This study evaluated manual lifting tasks methods among construction workers in Southwestern Nigeria. The aim was to determine the level of inclusion of ergonomics in the work methods. Single-task lifting analysis based on National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was used to evaluate 32 jobs involving 250 healthy workers. The result shows single task lifting index (STLI) greater than 1.0 for more than 75% of the jobs. The result indicated that more than 70% of the total workers are at an increased risk of lifting-related discomfort. Level of ergonomics inclusion in the work methods is low. More than sixty three percent (63%) of the workers had no regular ergonomics training that could expose them to better method(s) of lifting. Redesigning of work methods is necessary. Managers in the industry need proactive measures to incorporate ergonomics into their job methods to achieve STLI values of 1.0 or less.

Knowledge of the thermal properties of the soil top layer is of great importance in agricultural meteorology where problems of heat exchange at the soil surface are encountered. The availability of these data is important because of the improvements in wider applications of soil heat and water transport models as well as seed germination and crop growth. This research work therefore intends to determine the variability of soil thermal properties of a seasonally cultivated Agricultural Teaching and Research Farm located within the University of Ibadan campus, South-western Nigeria with a view to have understanding of how different soils warm up in order to allow better planning of planting of crops and have knowledge for the control of thermal-moisture regime of soil in the field and greenhouse. Forty-five points were located for the measurements of thermal properties in cultivated fields of maize, pineapple, cowpea, Okro and vegetables. A KD-2 Pro thermal analyzer was used for the measurements of these thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, volumetric specific heat and thermal diffusivity. Samples were collected at each location for the laboratory determination of soil moisture content and bulk density. The variability of soil thermal properties was analysed using classical statistics such as mean, range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. The results show that for the whole site, the thermal conductivity, volumetric specific heat, thermal diffusivity and temperature ranges from 1.103-2.151 W/mK, 1.247-2.936 mJ/m3K, 0.486-1.000 mm2/s and 23.83-34.49 oC with mean values of 1.672 W/mK, 1.831 mJ/m3K, 0.785 mm2/s and 27.71 oC respectively. Also soil moisture content and bulk density ranges from 0.146-0.223 m3m-3 and 1.260-1.410 mg/m3 with an average of 0.191 m3m-3 and 1.340 mg/m3 respectively. It was found out that the thermal properties of agricultural soils within University of Ibadan vary from one point to the other and th