A wind tunnel is a tube like apparatus or tunnel with varying cross-sections that has man-made wind which is made to blow through it at a certain speed. Scientists and engineers put a model of an airplane in the tunnel and then study the way air moves around the model. By looking at the way this smaller model acts in the wind tunnel, they get a pretty good idea of how a real life-sized airplane of the same design will probably fly. It is a lot easier, cheaper, and safer to build and test a model than to build and fly a real airplane. This report will focus primarily on the design and operation of an open circuit low speed wind tunnels. The components involved in the construction of a typical wind tunnel will be presented and accompanied by brief commentary on the underlying physical processes most influential in determining optimal construction of each component.

Virtual Private Network framework provides Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authentication and Anti- Replay services to the packets travelling through the shared medium like Internet. With the latest Advancement in the technology, Internet is available to the users thru all means like Wireless networks, GPRS, Satellite. When the VPN user roams or switches from one network to other, the IP address gets changed and VPN connection is tear down. The user has to again initiate the VPN connection whenever the network is switched. This paper present outcome of research project aimed at solving the mobility problems faced by roaming VPN users.

This study entitled,” U.S Policy towards Jerusalem in accordance with international legitimacy(An Analytical Study)”, aimed at studying and analyzing the reasons that stand behind the successive American administrations’ policy towards the Arab Israeli conflict in general and Jerusalem in particular. The scholar reached into a point that, in most races for the White House, presidential candidates pledge to solve the issue of Jerusalem, but none of them can solve it after arriving at the Chair, and couldn’t even to move the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, because of the sensitivity of the Holy City which is the core of the Arab Israeli conflict.

This paper examines the nature, content, democratization process and challenges of the practice and institutionalization of democracy and its relationship to the political development of Africa. The paper also takes a cursory insight into how the transition process and the misapplication of democratic values have escalated the degree of poverty in African states. The greatest challenge to development in Africa is the ascendency of economic liberalization development option prescribed by World Bank and IMF to complement the consolidation of democracy in Africa, creating complex web of poverty and erosion of citizens’ confidence in democracy. We discovered that in Africa, there are political institutions and elections but no democracy. The institutions of government are democratically organized, oligarchically controlled and authoritarianly enforced, creating the dynamics of sham democracy that stifles political and economic development. Also, the paper shows that the characterization of political development is often fused with the politics of modernist economic development strategy leading to the triumph of authoritarian methods of political control over democratic process. This paper concludes that the practice of democracy in Africa has led to the emergence of a new class of political elites who use state power for the actualization of self interests rather than for consolidation of the institutions and virtues of democracy. Therefore, we recommend that political leader should be educated on the virtues of democracy and the dangers of authoritarianism primarily to develop in them strong morals and habit of the heart with which to govern their countries democratically, so as to produce the institutional frameworks necesssary for the political and economic development of Third World countries.

The role of protuberant data analysis in selection of certain genes having distinctive level of activities between conditions of interest i.e diseased gene and normal genes is very significant. Nowa- days it is become a standard in gene analysis that microarray of DNA is a crucial data preparation step in systemization and other biological analysis. We consider the problem of constructing an accurate prediction rule for separating the different labels of genes in microarray gene expression data. Use of SVM in such data analysis is not new but it is not up to the mark we desire. So in this manuscript, we have tried to modify Support Vector Machine (SVM) for better accuracy in cancer genes systemization. Here we have modified SVM to account for gene redundancy and keep a check on it. In the other approach, instead of keeping bias a constant in SVM, we have tried to modify SVM by bias variation which we call as Orthogonal Vertical Permutator (OVP).

This study investigated employers assessment of effective communication competencies possessed by university Business Education graduates for successful running of businesses in south south Nigeria. One research question and three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population comprised 318 employers of Business Education graduates in Rivers State and Delta State. The population also served as sample since it was manageable. The instrument for data collection was a 20 item questionnaire whose face and content were adequately validated by experts. The instrument internal consistency was determined using cronbach alpha, which has reliability of 0.93. The research question data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding of the study revealed among others that Business Education graduates are competent in ability to speak clearly with empathy, ability to display good listening skills, ability to interpret message correctly, ability to relate information appropriately to concerned parties. However, they are not competent in ability to formulate points of view and ability to meet the functional needs of the media. It was recommended among others that university Business Education graduates should constantly undergo training and retaining on communication courses to be more competent in all communication skills, more business communication courses should be built in business education curriculum to enable the students acquire more communication competencies.

In this paper, a state feedback H∞ controller has been proposed in order to design an active queue management (AQM) system based on congestion control algorithm for networks supporting TCP protocols. In this approach, the available link bandwidth is modeled as a time-variant disturbance. The objective of this paper is to design controller which capable of achieving the queue size and guarantee asymptotic stability in the present of disturbance. An important feature of the proposed approach is that the performance of system, including the disturbance rejection and stability of closed-loop system, are guaranteed for all round-trip times that are less than a known value. The controller design is formulated in the form of some linear matrix inequalities, which can efficiently solved numerically. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed methods in comparison with other conventional methods.

A Botnet is a network of compromised hosts, called as bots that are used for malicious activity. These bots are then controlled by single master termed as Botmaster. A Botmaster may inject commands though any bot to launch DDoS attack. In this paper, we have demonstrated the behavior of Botnet on network in real time Internet environment.This will be helpful for researcher to detect the different types of emerging Botnet.

Now a day’s Remote Sensing is a mature research area. Remote sensing is defined as a technique for acquiring the information about an object without making physical contact with that image via remote sensors. But the major problem of remotely sensed images is mixed pixel which always degrades the image quality. Mixed pixels are usually the biggest reason for degrading the success in image classification and object recognition. Another major problem is the decomposition of mixed pixels precisely and effectively. Remote sensing data is widely used for the classification of types of features such as vegetation, water body etc but the problem occurs in tagging appropriate class to mixed pixels. In this paper we attempted to present an approach for resolving the mixed pixels by using optimization algorithm i.e. Biogeography based optimization. The main idea is to tag the mixed pixel to a particular class by finding the best suitable class for it using the BBO parameters i.e. Migration and Mutation.

TEXT line segmentation is one of the major component of document image analysis. Text line segmentation is necessary to detect all text regions in the document image. In this paper we propose an algorithm based on multiple histogram projections using morphological operators to extract features of the image. Horizontal projection is performed on the text image, and then line segments are identified by the peaks in the horizontal projection. Threshold is applied to divide the text image into segments. False lines are eliminated using another threshold. Vertical histogram projections are used for the line segments and decomposed into words using threshold and further decomposed to characters. This approach provides best performance based on the experimental results such as Detection rate DR (98%) and Recognition Accuracy RA (98%).