Using a time series data of the variables between 1980 and 2010 the present study tries to establish a causal relationship between exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves in the Indian context. Emphasis has been laid on understanding the impact of foreign exchange reserves on the exchange rate. India has accumulated unprecedented foreign exchange reserves and synchronously has been experiencing a large depreciation in its Rupee vies avis US dollar. This trend prompted us to undertake this study to establish some association between the two trends. Our analysis uses Unit Root test, Johansson Co -integration test and Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and concludes that there is no long and short term association between exchange rate (EXR) and foreign exchange reserves (FOREX) in the Indian context. It can be concluded that the accumulation of fore reserves are only in anticipation of overcoming any global financial crisis and maintaining credit rating which in turn could repose faith in the investors and attract large investments in the form of foreign direct investment and portfolio investments. The accumulation of fore reserves may not be used as a tool to tame exchange rate as suggested by some authors.

The prevalence of Sal typhi in the various locations in Ekiti state over the years of 2009 -2011 was investigated. The highest number of the isolates from 50 samples was found at Ikere-Ekiti, Ikole- Ekiti and Ifaki Ekiti at a total number of 131 respectively, this was followed by Ado- Ekiti with an isolate number of 130. The lowest number of isolate was recorded at Ido Ekiti with 78 isolates in the year 2009 and this increased in both 2010 and 2011. The susceptibility patterns reported in 2009 in the different locations showed that resistance was indicated in streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cefepime, nalidixic acid tetracycline and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. This same trend of resistance was repeated in 2010 and 2011. The notable change was a significant increase in the resistance to ampicillin from 20% to 100% in Ado Ekiti and from 39% to 100% at Ikole Ekiti and also Gentamycin from 18% at Ikere-Ekiti in 2009, to 86% and 84% in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The difference in demographic factors in the different locations could be a convincing factor in the prevalence of Sal typhi. With PFGE, a total of thirty-five 35 (79%) patterns in the locations were observed and thirty-six 36(72%) of each isolates had the 3 most common patterns. The isolates with these patterns were found to show high resistance to Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Cefepime, Ampicilin and nalidixic acid (SCCAN). All isolates that are resistant to the antibiotics mentioned earlier contain qnrB2, 35(70%) isolates contained blaCMY-2’; 39 (78%) isolates contained blaCMY-23’ the mechanism for extended-spectrum cephalosporin, Aminoglycosides and Quinolone resistance. The genes that code for this resistance have proven to be remarkably mobile and widely distributed within and between species.

In this research work, the waste heat of exhaust gas of an engine-generator for the process of banana slices drying was used and tested. Drying experiments were conducted at different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75% and full load) and thickness of the samples (3, 5 and 7 mm). At load 25%, 50%, 75% and full load the temperatures produced in drying chamber was 50, 60, 70 and 80 ℃ respectively. The experiments were done at air velocity 0.5 m/s. Three drying models were fitted to the experimental data of moisture ratio in order to assess a suitable form of the drying curve for banana drying. For banana with 3 (mm) thickness page model offering maximum average value of EF and minimum average value of RMSE and χ2 namely 0.99745, 0.01473875 and 0.000208443 and for banana slice with thickness of 5 and 7 (mm) Logarithmic model offering maximum average value of EF and minimum average value of RMSE and χ2 namely 0.9966, 0.01472 and 0.00022 respectively.

The antibacterial potency of alkaloid extracted from Phyllanthus niruri was examined on Fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli isolated from different clinical samples using disk diffusion method. Different concentrations (0.1 – 5mg/ml) of the alkaloid were used. It was observed that at 0.5mg/ml the extract showed more potency on Escherichia coli isolated from urine than from other samples with a diameter of zone of inhibition of 25.5mm. The percentage susceptibility of the isolated bacterium from urine, blood, semen, swab, and high vagina swab( HVS) to the alkaloid were 75%, 75%, 100%, 60%and 60% respectively. Thirty-seven (37) strains were tested for extended- spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL) identification. They were all positive for blaCTX-M in 37(100%) of the ESBL-carrying strains. CXT-M-14 was the most frequently isolated ESBL (n=15), followed by CTX-M-27 (n=12) and CTX-M-15(n=5), one strain (CEC7) was carrying both blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15. Strain CEC14 was carrying a blaCTX-M-14 variant, which differed from the parental enzyme by a single transversion. Using PCR amplification, 4 clusters containing 9, 8, 3, and 2 strains were identified. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of FQ-resistant E. coli identified clonal spread of 1(one) strain among 18 patients. It was concluded that all the bacterium resistant to fluoroquinolone were susceptible to the alkaloid extract.

The general principles of several types of receivers fall under the two main headings of TRF (tuned radiofrequency) receivers, where the received signal is processed at the incoming frequency right up to the detector stage, and the superhet (supersonic heterodyne) receiver, where the incoming signal is translated (sometimes after some amplification at the incoming frequency) to an intermediate frequency for further processing. There are however, a number of variants of each of these two main types. Regeneration (‘reaction’ or ‘tickling’) may be applied in a TRF receiver, to increase both its sensitivity and selectivity. This may be carried to the stage where the RF amplifier actually oscillates – either continuously, so that the receiver operates as a synchrodyne or homodyne, or intermittently, so that the receiver operates as a super-regenerative receiver, both of which have been described previously. The synchrodyne or homodyne may be considered alternatively as a superhet, where the IF (intermediate frequency) is 0 Hz. In this paper we present the new type of receiver architectures which work in radiofrequencies.

Due to the advancement in mobile devices and wireless networks mobile cloud computing, which combines mobile computing and cloud computing has gained momentum since 2009. The characteristics of mobile devices and wireless network makes the implementation of mobile cloud computing more complicated than for fixed clouds. This section lists some of the major issues in Mobile Cloud Computing. One of the key issues in mobile cloud computing is the end to end delay in servicing a request. Data caching is one of the techniques widely used in wired and wireless networks to improve data access efficiency. In this paper we explore the possibility of a cooperative caching approach to enhance data access efficiency in mobile cloud computing. The proposed approach is based on cloudlets, one of the architecture designed for mobile cloud computing.

Today‘s business environment is very much dynamic, and organizations are constantly changing their software requirements to adjust with new environment. They also demand for fast delivery of software products as well as for accepting changing requirements. In this aspect, traditional plan-driven developments fail to meet up these requirements. Though traditional software development methodologies, such as life cycle-based structured and object oriented approaches, continue to dominate the systems development few decades and much research has done in traditional methodologies, Agile software development brings its own set of novel challenges that must be addressed to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of the valuable software. It‘s a set of software development methods based on iterative and incremental development process, where requirements and development evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams that allows rapid delivery of high quality software to meet customer needs and also accommodate changes in the requirements. In this paper, we significantly indentify and describe the major factors, that Agile development approach improves software development process to meet the rapid changing business environments. We also provide a brief comparison of agile development methodologies with traditional systems development methodologies, and discuss current state of adopting agile methodologies.

Rising fossil fuel burning and land use changes have emitted, and are continuing to emit, increasing quantities of greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O), and a rise in these gases has caused a rise in the amount of heat from the sun withheld in the Earth’s atmosphere, heat that would normally be radiated back into space. This increase in heat has led to the greenhouse effect, resulting in climate change. Climate change will have wide-ranging effects on the environment, and on socio-economic and related sectors, including water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity and coastal zones. Changes in rainfall pattern are likely to lead to severe water shortages and/or flooding. Melting of glaciers can cause flooding and soil erosion. Rising temperatures will cause shifts in crop growing seasons which affects food security and changes in the distribution of disease vectors putting more people at risk from diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Temperature increases will potentially severely increase rates of extinction for many habitats and species (up to 30 per cent with a 2° C rise in temperature).

The present article discuses the problems of new Unitary Quantum Theory in its applications to the different aspects of the reality. There are spectacular examples of such applications.

Biofilm represents the most prevalent type of virulent factor of most of the pathogenic microorganism and involved in crucial development of clinical infection and exhibit resistance to antimicrobial agents. Now the biofilm is considered as major target for the pharmacological development of drugs. A biofilm serves to promote bacteria persistence by resisting antibiotic treatment and host immune responses. Antibiotics are rendered ineffective when biofilms form due to their relative impermeability, the variable physiological status of microorganisms, subpopulations of persistent strains, and variations of phenotypes present. Metal nanotechnology chemistry has the potential to prevent the formation of these life-threatening biofilms on life supporting devices. In the present study, anti biofilm effect of silver nanoparticles coated catheter against clinical isolate of Staphylococcus Aureus was studied. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract broth of Azadirhacta indica were coated on the catheter chara-cterized by scanning electron microscopy which reveals complete dispersion of the nanoparticles on the fibre surface of the catheter and the size, shape of the particles shows uniform spherical particles with the size of 50-60 nm. Distinct effect of biofilm inhibition was recorded in the nanoparticles coated catheter and maximum inhibition was observed during 72 hour of incubation. Biochemical composition of biofilm matrix mainly total carbohydrates and total protein was highly reduced. The present study would suggests the development of anti microbial coated medical devices against pathogenic microorganism.