Present studies were conducted to estimate the bioburden level of human amniotic membranes; and to detect inhibitory effects of antibiotic and radiation on the bacterial flora associated with amniotic membrane. Bacterial counts per gram of the samples (25) were found 5.42×102 to 8.87×106 CFU/gm. Fifteen different colonies were isolated from the samples and identified up to the genus level based on several morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics where the isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. (5), Staphylococcus sp. (3), Micrococcussp. (2), Pseudomonas sp. (2), Achromobacter sp. (1), Alcaligenes sp. (1) and Citrobacter sp. (1). In vitro Inhibitory activities of three different antibiotics were screened against the isolates where all isolates were found sensitive to Gentamicin. ExceptAlcaligenes sp. and Achromobacter sp., all isolates were found resistant to Ampicillin. Similarly all isolates were also found resistant to Cloxacillin except Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Isolates were treated in an incremental series of γ-radiation doses from 2.5-25 kGy where all Gram positive bacteria were killed at 15 kGy. Gram negative bacteria showed more sensitivity than the positives and were killed at 5 kGy. Based on these studies it could be concluded that antibiotic decontamination should not be regarded as the way of obtaining sterility due to resistance of bacteria against antibiotics. Gamma-radiation assures complete sterility.

This study examined the determinants of credit access by rural farmers in Oyo state Nigeria. Specifically the study identified the socio-economic characteristics of the rural farmers, examined the factors affecting access to credit by the rural farmers, identified constraints faced by rural farmers in credit acquisition. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires, administered on 210 respondents using multistage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics and logit model. The sigma values of the binomial (σ2 = 90.32) logit model that measured the significance of model showed that the data fit the model reasonably well. The binomial logit model revealed that significant relationships existed between sex (-2.0187), marital status (-1.9786), lack of guarantor (2.1517), high interest rate (6.8263) and access to credit. The variables were significant at 10%. It is concluded that there is need for financial institutions to help look into the conditions for obtaining credit by farmers, so that the less privilege among them will be able to benefit from credit disbursement especially in the aspect of high interest rate, guarantor and collateral security.

Mt Meru dominates the scenery and economy of the people living on its slopes. The lower slopes of the mountain provided fertile, well-watered land for the Meru and Arusha people for several centuries. Here they have developed "moral economies," innovative and well-managed mixed farming and agro-pastoral systems. The earliest Meru were Chaga speakers from western Kilimanjaro who expanded across the Sanya plains sometimes in the 17th century. They were traditionally organised through “big men” known as vashili (singular nshili who supervised all important matters including traditional prayers, land conflicts, inheritance, farm boundaries, ceremonies and punishment. There were chiefs and elders who met under a large sacred tree, the mringaringa. Colonial occupation since the late 19th century caused the closing of the land frontier on Meru and alienation of most of their land to white settlers. The Meru Land Case was a protest by Meru people, living in the Eastern part of what is now Arumeru District, against the allocation of their land to Europeans for development purposes. It is a tale of the Meru united to demand in an international forum the restitution of their rights to land. It is the story of Kirilo Japhet the first Tanzania to speak at the United Nations and in Kiswahili at that. Though they lost the case, it marked a milestone in African nationalist awakening and also opened the eyes of the British to forces at work against them.

The study investigated the relationship between teacher’s questioning behaviour and instructional organization and students’ achievement in English Language. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Four Research Questions were answered. The participants were 30 English Language teachers and 450 students randomly selected from 15 Senior Secondary Schools. The instruments for data collection were Teachers’ Questioning Behaviour Observation Checklist (r = .79), Teachers’ Instructional Organization Obs-ervation Rating Scale ( r = .81 ) and Achievement Test in English Language ( r = .78 ). Findings revealed that teachers ask display and referential questions that are largely mono-directional. There is a positive, very strong relationship between Teachers’ Questioning Behaviour and students’ achievement in English Language. Teachers’ Instructional Organization has negative, very weak relationship with students’ achievement in English Language.

Introduction: The fact that there are over 250 methods of surgical correction of hypospadias described in the literature indicates that the “hypospadiologists” are still in search of the ideal technique for repair. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of penile anatomy on the surgical management of hypospadias. Results: Fourty four patients with different types of hypospadias 88.6% presented more than one year and 11.4% less .we found that 11.4% had glandular meatus,43.2% distal and 45.4% proximal ,also 43.2% had no chordee,45.4% had superficial and 11.4% deep chordee, meatal site after chordee correction24% distal , 60 % proximal and 16% penoscrotal.

This is a descriptive study of a teacher’s perspective regarding creating and maintaining a positive teacher-student relationship with the teacher’s professional experience at undergraduate levels. The study is a qualitative study involving interviews with a convenience sample selected randomly. The study was carried out with a sample size of 60 teachers from universities located in Islamabad/ Rawalpindi Pakistan. Teachers emphasized the importance of positive teacher-student relationship and concluded that such relationship increases the confidence level of the students, produces mutual respect and obedience. Findings of the interview results indicated that building a positive teacher-student relationship is a time taking process; that comes with teacher’s experience and it varies with the passage of time.

There would only be few countries on face of the earth as rich in natural resources as Brazil. These natural resources ranging from minerals beneath the ground to waters on ground, along with dynamic and charismatic political leadership have paved the way for the rise of Brazil as an economic power within the region as well as in the globe. This rising economic power has facilitated Brazil to acquire enhanced political influence both regionally and globally. The last decade has witnessed an obvious transformation in the stature and character of Brazil and has ushered in an opportunity for this state to emerge as a global economic and political power. This article juxtaposes the dynamics and implications of Brazilian economy with the help of existing literature to highlight the relationship of various factors in the Brazilian economy that plays significant role in the rise of politically powerful Brazil.

To investigated the impact of procurement operations on healthcare delivery in Malawi’s public healthcare delivery system. It sought to confirm the existence, establish the frequency, effects and causes of stock outs of drugs. The Study was provoked by local media reports on acute drug stock outs in the public healthcare delivery system despite the same being adequately available in private hospitals. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data was collected using three sets of questionnaires administered to 40 patient caregivers (nurses, clinicians and doctors), 12 senior hospital managers, and 6 procurement managers. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences Findings: The study found that procurement functions derailed healthcare delivery through failure to ensure availability of drugs. Frequent stock outs of drugs were confirmed, the effects of which on healthcare delivery ranged from death of patients, deterioration of medical conditions of patients, hospital overcrowding, to transfer of patients to other hospitals. These stock outs were attributed to: failure by a ‘government-instituted supplier’ to fulfill drug orders; delays by procurement staff; and withholding of funds by donors. Research limitations: The study was conducted at a time when drug stock outs were at crisis levels in public hospitals. The results may therefore strongly represent the situation at that material point in time.Practical Implications: The study provides insights into the significance of procurement operations in healthcare delivery. It recommends a strategy shift from single sourcing to dual sourcing in order to avert the persistent drug stock outs in public hospitals.

In static cognitive radio network a secondary transmitter communicates directly with a secondary receiver only when the spectrum is not occupied by any primary user. The secondary user has to stop its transmission when no spectrum holes exist. To improve the transmission capacity, in this paper we approach to combine cognitive radio network with cooperative communication strategy employing spatial sensing as well as temporal sensing. In our proposed scheme when primary user is active, a secondary user transmits to another secondary user via a relay channel. By enabling the use of both the direct and relay channels, the transmission performance of the secondary system can be improved significantly. Our information-theoretic analysis as well as numerical results show that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the average symbol error probability compared to schemes based on pure temporal or spatial sensing.

Providing effective reproductive health service to people living with HIV/AIDS requires understanding of their sexual behavior, fertility intention and unmet reproductive needs.Failure of having evidence based responses on gaps identified on these needs might bring an increased HIV incidence, unintended pregnancies, vertical transmission, stigma and discrimination.Facility based cross sectional study was conducted in southwest town of Jimma, Ethiopia. Quantitative data was collected 632 study participants from the ART. A structured interview administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Verbal and written consent was obtained from each client and data was collected by nurses. Data was analysed by SPSS version16 windows software. Most of the respondents 341(54.0%) were females, with a mean age of 29.6 ± 7.98 years. Most 86.7% were sexually active, of which 499(80.0) were had a regular partner. Casual sex was reported to be 35 (6.4%). Unprotected sexual contact was found to be 16.2% among male and 4.4% among females. Disclosure of own sero-status to partner was 90.7% while knowledge of Sexual Partner HIV status was 91.4%. Only 385 (70.3%) used condom always the remaining 163 (29.7%) used condom sometimes. Disclosure of own status to partner was 90.7% while STI after being diagnosed for HIV was nearly 12%. About quarter of the study population has expressed desire for fertility 149 (23.6%). Among the sexually active females, 229 (82.3%) used contraceptive. Methods used were injections 63 (27.5%), Pills 71 (31.0%), condom 84(36.7%) and IUD or implants 11(4.8%). More than 88% of women prefered integrated service of HIV care and Family planning service. Risky sexual behavior and fertility intention were high and need for integrated service was found the most wished for. Interventions should be made to assist people with HIV to make effective decisions on safe sex and fertility.