Friedmann -Robertson-Walker (FRW) space time is considered in f(R,T) gravity proposed by Harko et al. (Phys.Rev.D 84, 024020, 2011) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid. A barotropic equation of state for the pressure and energy density is assumed to get a determinate solution of the field equations. Also the bulk viscous pressure is assumed to be proportional to energy density. A physical discussion of the model is also presented

This study sought to establish and compare the loyalty characteristics among the soft drinks consumers in Kenya and India. The study locations were in Barat on University, Kenya and Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala, India. An ex post facto survey research design was employed and the target population was young consumers who were sampled from the local universities in both countries. The study adopted incidental random sampling technique where respondents were selected based on their ease of access and willingness to respond. Questionnaire was used to collect data and descriptive statistics was employed to analyze and present the data. The study established that in India, peer group are more powerful in influencing potential consumers to take soft drinks while in Kenya parents perform a crucial role.

The purpose of this study is to show the effect of caffeine and theophylline on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase AST and alanine aminotransferase ALT, in the human sera. Serum AST and ALT were activated by caffeine, while inhibiting by theophylline, this effect increased with increasing the concentration of theophylline and caffeine. Kinetic properties of AST and ALT activities revealed by theophylline and that non-competitive inhibition type, and non-competitive activation by caffeine.

The burden of Asthma in developing countries such as India is of sufficient magnitude to warrant its recognition as a priority in government health strategies. Particular resources need to be provided to improve the care of disadvantaged groups with high morbidity, including certain racial groups and those who are poorly educated, live in large cities, or are poor. The present study was conducted to find out current prevalence of asthma in subjects attending multi specialty centre OPD Ballimaran, Delhi. Attempts were also made to detect possible factors contributing to the prevalence. A total of 1000 subjects were included in the study using questionnaire, clinical evaluation by physician and spirometry. The current prevalence of asthma in male population of Delhi was 13.42% and in female population 12.41%, respectively. The prevalence of asthma was more (13.42%) in male population than female population (12.41%) respectively.

The rainwater harvesting locally collects and stores rainfall through different technologies, for future use to meet the demands of human consumption or human activities. However, rainwater harvesting has much wider perspectives, in particular, if it is considered in relation to its role in supporting ecosystem goods and services. An integrated planning for Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting system for different institutes in the premises an educational complex is done. The main objectives of the study are to estimate the rooftop rain water harvesting potential of all buildings, planning and designing the rooftop rain water harvesting system, the conveyance system and the groundwater recharge system. The cost estimation of different components of roof top rain water harvesting project for each zone is done. The annual equivalent capital cost is estimated with and without the cost of ground water recharge structure. The unit cost of water is high as compared to the market price of water. However, the environmental benefits of the ground water recharging with good quality water justifies such projects.

The design of leaf spring has been a constant challenge for automotive and manufacturing engineers and it has undergone multiple revisions [2, 3 and 4]. The aim of this paper is to investigate and analyze how failure occurs on the semi-elliptical master leaf spring of a commercial car by analytical approach and using FEM simulation to ascertain the failure condition and to provide a cost-effective design modification for the same. The currently used 10 mm thick master leaf fails repeatedly at a particular zone close to the spring hanger end. After multiple trials for different thickness values and materials, recommendations were given for a better and modified design of the master leaf spring.

Multilevel inverter is as one of the most recent and popular type of advances in power electronics. It synthesizes desired output voltage waveform from several dc sources used as input for the multilevel inverter. This paper describes a diode-clamped five-level inverter-based battery/super capacitor direct integration scheme for photovoltaic energy systems. The study is carried out for three cases. In the first case, one of the two dc-link capacitors of the inverter is replaced by a battery bank and the other by a super capacitor bank. In the second case, dc-link capacitors are replaced by two battery banks. In the third case, ordinary dc-link capacitors are replaced by two super capacitor banks. The first system is supposed to mitigate both long-term and short-term power fluctuations while the last two systems are intended for smoothening long-term and short-term power fluctuations, respectively. These topologies eliminate the need for interfacing dc–dc converters and thus considerably improve the overall system efficiency. The major issue in aforementioned systems is the unavoidable imbalance in dc-link voltages. An analysis on the effects of unbalance and a space vector modulation method, which can produce undistorted current even in the presence of such unbalances, are presented in this paper. Simulation work is done using the MATLAB software which validates the proposed method and finally THD comparison is presented for analysis

This paper focuses on the investigation study of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a sevenlevel Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (FCMLI) with / without closed-loop feedback schemes. For that, a closed-loop model is designed for the existing FCMLI through this paper. Conventionally full bridge and half bridge inverter configurations are used for certain applications where DC-AC conversion is needed. But the main drawbacks of these inverters are high harmonic content and used only for limited power applications. In order to overcome this, a novel approach called closed-loop FCMLI will be proposed, which significantly increases the level number of the output waveform and thereby dramatically reduces the low-order harmonics and THD. The proposed system consists of a DC–DC power converter and a DC–AC multilevel inverter. In order to achieve low cost, easy control, high efficiency, and high reliability, a capacitor clamped DC–DC boost converter using minimal devices is introduced to interface the lowvoltage Photovoltaic (PV) module.

This paper focuses on the improvement of fuel consumption, vehicle performance, and driving aggressiveness for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) using epicyclic power split transmission (PST). In this paper, three and four branch transmission system models are analyzed and implemented into two HEVs. The modeling of the hybrid electric vehicle performance is carried using the QSS Toolkit. The models for the two vehicles are built based on the same baseline vehicle with the same vehicle parameters but with different transmissions. The vehicles are simulated over typical driving cycles; New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and USA Federal Test Procedure FTP 75. The HEV results are also compared against a conventional IC engine plus manual gearbox vehicle. Computer programs for the analysis of epicyclic transmission based on a matrix method are developed and used. The simulations show that the 4 branch epicyclic offers substantial improvements of reduction in energy consumption, though the benefits are sensitive to the driving cycle used.

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of integration of vehicle dynamics control systems by proposing new control architecture to integrate the braking, steering, suspension and driveline. A 6 DoF nonlinear vehicle handling model is developed for in Matlab/Simulink. The modelling work contains linear suspensions with nonlinear tyres suitable for combined slip conditions. The results are validated against commercially available vehicle dynamics software. All the four active chassis control systems are evaluated over the entire range of vehicle handling region in standalone mode through simulation. Based on the analysis of these four standalone controllers, a novel rule based integration strategy is proposed to improve the vehicle handling. A comparison of the proposed integrated control strategy and the standalone control strategy is carried out and the results of the simulation are found to prove that the integrated control strategy improves vehicle stability across the entire vehicle operating region.