Past scales or studies on safety culture are mostly based on single-level measurement. This study established as a multi-level model of patient safety culture scale based on literature review to investigate the relationship among organization-level of patient safety culture, unit-level of patient safety culture and safety performance. This was a crosssectional study, and distributed 705 questionnaires to nursing staffs in two regional hospitals. A total of 363 valid samples were returned; the valid return rate was 51.8%. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the factor structure. The construct composite reliability was significant, and factor loading was >0.5, thus indicating an acceptable model fit. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) proved that the effect of organization-level of patient safety culture on individual safety performance is mediated by unit-level of patient safety culture.

The purpose of this article is to design specific type of multi-criteria performance measurement (MCPM) framework using the virtues of both simple multiple attribute rating technique (SMART) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) notions. The article largely focuses on selection of key performance indicators (KPIs) using combined merits of these two methods. Identifying KPIs is one of the major challenges in designing of MCPM frameworks/models and it is one of causes of failure while firms are implementing performance measurement systems. The MCPM framework has been designed by considering the needs of all critical stakeholders as crucial input, namely customers, shareholders, environment & local community, employees and suppliers. Then the strategic objectives of the case studied company were outlined with help of strategy map; all potential performance measures were listed for each strategic objective. Six evaluation criteria were applied to identify 19 KPIs among 46 potential indicators. These criteria were compared each other using AHP; all possible performance indicators were evaluated against each criteria through SMART approach. The findings of this article reveal the importance of combining SMART and AHP for selection of KPIs during designing of MCPM framework. Besides, it also indicates how companies can apply the ideas of balanced scorecard (BSC) and performance prism in order to set strategic objectives. In general the findings are based on “Contingency Theory” which emphasizes that there is no one best approach to manage the whole and that it depends on various situational factors.

This paper presents a better solution for wood dust collection and consumer understanding for the purchase decision making of the central dust collection system in case of Bangladeshi Furniture Industries. Dust collection system is an integral part of furniture industries where quality products, proper safety, operations and maintenance are sought. An efficient woodworking dust collection system is a priority for furniture industries to maintain their business. The greatest source of problems with dust collection systems is improperly designed ducting and hood arrangements. In order to make an educated decision in purchasing dust collector a clear understanding of all the parameters involved is necessary. This paper illustrates an improved design of central dust collection system for woodworking taking into account appropriate control of dust suction systems, moisture, air speed, duct and hood design, installation etc. The proper equipment and design may cost a bit more initially but the cost of fire, explosion, the resulting down time and escalating insurance costs make it a sound investment.

Respiration rate is the respiratory signal or the respiratory knowledge. Numeral methods can be applied to derive a respiratory signal from the ECG. The efficacy of this monitoring can be improved by deriving respiration, which previously has been based on overnight polysomnography studies where patients are stationary or the use of multi lead ECG systems. In this paper, ECG features of Heart rate variability (HRV) and ECG-derived respiration (EDR) including ECG filtering methods are examined. This ECG features are compared with the simultaneously recorded respiratory signal, it is estimate from RR-interval, R-wave time duration and R-wave amplitude. These values are evaluated using discrete wavelet transform. Based on the respiratory signal, time domain measures are MeanRR, SDRR, Maxrate, Minrate, RMSDD, SDEDR, MeanEDR, pNN50, NN50 are calculated, that reflect the Respiration rate variability (RV). Those Respiration variability measures have been established their use, by the ability to distinguish between periods of rest and during respiratory rate testing time. Moreover, these RV measures are able to differentiate between the first resting period and the periods following the respiration rate.

This paper focuses on brining out the facts about how Pakistan can benefit from globalization by right adoption of technology. Our main claim in this paper is that Pakistan has adopted globalization but has not been able to improve its economic condition because of lack of proper planning and lack of right adoption of technology. As without right adoption of technology no country can make progress. The main reasons of why Pakistan is not getting benefited from globalization are also discussed in this paper. A comparative study has been done on the developed and developing countries that have benefited from globalization. After a detailed analysis key points have been mentioned, as an answer to what needs to be done by Pakistan, in order to get successful in race of globalization.

The study assessed the health risks associated with street trading activities among selected mothers in urban centers of Nigeria. The data used was extracted from national survey data among 3,873 street traders selected in various Central Business Districts (CBDs) across three major cities of Nigeria, namely, Lagos, Kano and Port Harcourt. The study showed that street trading has provided job opportunities for mothers but the impact of the business on their welfare is not visible considering their weekly income that is far below their weekly expenditure. Respondents with primary, secondary and tertiary education are 0.879, 0.553 and 0.818 less likely to be injured while trading on the street compared to individuals who have no formal education. The authors suggest due recognition to be given to the activity and that street traders-government partnership be established in order to safeguard the health of the operators.

In the whole of black Africa, South Africa is the only country known to be practicing Awqaf institutions. However, seven years ago Muslim community at Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria commenced the practice. Nigeria is a huge Muslim population country. More than half of the entire population of the country is Muslim. However, 90 percent of this Muslim population is located in the Northern and Western parts of the country. This explains why Awqaf institutions are mostly located in these two out of three regions of the country. Just as there are national Awqaf institutions so are there state and local variants of them. In fact, institutional Awqaf institutions e.g. Universities and other tertiary institutions, also exist. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, as an educational institution with active Awqaf institutions has the following granite Islamic bodies or organizations that operate Awqaf: Obafemi Awolowo University Muslim Community (OAUMC); Vanguard of Islam (V I); Association of Muslim Professional (AMP); University of Ife Muslim Graduate Association (UNIFEMGA); Federation of Muslim Women’s Association in Nigeria (FOMWAN); Obafemi Awolowo University Trust Cooperatives (OAUTC), Kudiratulai (KL), Muslim Family Forum (MFF), and Muslim Student Society of Nigeria OAU branch (MSS). It is part of the mission of these bodies to embark on community development projects as well as eradicating poverty within the University community and outside it as well1. Some of these bodies are local branches of the national bodies, UNIFEMGA for example has national head quarter in Abuja, the federal capital of Nigeria and states branches in the following states: Lagos (Lagos State), Ibadan (Oyo State), Ife (Osun State, Osogbo (Osun State), Ilorin (Kwara State) and Port-Harcourt (Rivers State) (Visit the website: www.unifemga.com and click the branches column). Its tentacles have also been spread to other continents outside Africa. It (UNIFEMGA) has international branches in Un

In response to an increasing competitive market place, growing research attention is being devoted in factors contributing to desirable customer outcomes. Front-line service employees, placed at the organisation-customer interface and representing an organisation to its customers, play a pivotal role in service encounters, which often involve dyadic interactions between customers and service employees (Solomom, Suprenant, Czepiel, & Gutman, 2005 in Liao & Chuang: 2004). An organisation cannot always rely on customers to make their feelings known, however, and so it may deliberately set out to measure customer satisfaction levels (McDaniel, 2006:267). The aim of this research is to identify employee factors influencing customer service levels in the South African steel industry research was conducted at two leading and dominant South Africa steel manufactures. The conducted research established that there is a general lack of customer service culture at the steel manufactures, there can be pockets of excellence, but these seem to be overshadowed by the attitude of carelessness. The research recommends that mmanagement includes customer service in the balance score card as a key performance management measure so that there is change in employee attitude to a positive one that will help enhance customer service. The conducted research recommends that employee motivation may be improve by:  Organising a workshop by an external facilitator to discuss issues leading to lack of motivation from account/key account managers and service managers.  Creating a motivating climate where there is effective management – leadership.  Creating a shared value system, this will create commitment to a set of principles guiding and directing work behaviour.

Among all industries hydrophilic cotton from raw cotton and all type of medical gauze from textile productions have high water consumption. Due to this reason water recycles and reuse in these industries and generally water usage minimization in these units have especial importance. For practical research in this context one of domestic industry has been selected as a case study. Water usage minimization in other industries have been investigated in different countries, but nearly all these researches are related to minimization of water consumption in raw cotton production. Results showed that minimization of water consumption whit recycle and reuse method in these industries are very successful, to the extent of water can be saved about 65 percent after and simple aeration and reservation for 10 hours and recycling in to production recycle. Usually in these industries three types of consumption exist: one for hydrophilic cotton production, next for medical gauze and last for general consumption. In selected industry for medical gauze production and hydrophilic cotton, the amounts of water consumption are 40 lit/kg and 43 lit/kg respectively. And the remaining is about 20 lit/kg for other consumption, such as boiler, chiller, restaurant, personal and … consumption. Regarding water quality needed for every stage of production. The wastewater of some units can be used as fresh water for other units, by this method the total consumption of this factory can be reduced to 13 of total of it, without damaging quality of factory production.

One of the main factors determining the daily variation of the active surface temperature is the state of the vegetation cover. It can well be characterized by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The NDVI has the potential ability to signal the vegetation features of different eco-regions and provides valuable information as a remote sensing tool in studying vegetation phenology cycles. The vegetation phenology is the expression of the seasonal cycles of plant processes and contributes vital current information on vegetation conditions and their connections to climate change. The NDVI is computed using near-infrared and red reflectances, and thus has both an accuracy and precision. A gapless time series of MODIS NDVI (MOD13A1) composite raster data from 18th February, 2000 to 16th November, 2012 with a spatial resolution of 500 m was utilized. Time-series terrestrial parameters derived from NDVI have been extensively applied to global climate change, since it analyzes each pixel individually without the setting of thresholds to detect change within a time series.