This study aims to analyze the impact of capital structure on the profitability of petroleum sector of Pakistan, while controlling the size of the company. A total of 12 companies were selected randomly for the study and take ten years data from 2001 to 2010. Regression analysis was conducted. The results show that there is a significant and positive impact of capital structure on the profitability of the petroleum sector; this study has potential for replication in other industries like cement, textile and pharmaceutical. In over all analysis capital structure has the significant analysis but the individual analysis of every company has not significant because every company has their own capital structure. Overall Profitability depend on the capital structure.

A record of all transactions made between one particular country and all other countries during a specified period of time is known as Balance of Payment (BOP). There are many factors that determine the position of balance of payments in the country either it is surplus or deficit. This study analyzes the statistical data of BOP of Pakistan from 1986 to 2010 and is an attempt to find out possible reasons for adverse BOP of Pakistan since its creation. The analysis shows that out of eight variables only two variables proved to be statistically significant namely foreign direct investment inflows and worker’s remittances. However the impact of these variables on BOP turned out to be negative.

The study aims at measuring discrepancy of various boards’ examination BISE and educational testing and evaluation Agency (ETEA) in KPK. The population of the study consisted of all the Boards of Intermediate & Secondary Education in KPK and all the intermediate level students who have appeared in both the above-mentioned examinations. The sample of the study was 541 students. These students were randomly selected for those who had obtained 60% and above marks in both the examinations during the sessions 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008- 09. The data collected was organized, analyzed, interpreted and tabulated. The study found no significant relationship between the marks scores in board examination and in entry test.

This paper is a reflection upon issues of in-service teacher education courses by connecting them, with teachers’ problems that they face in actual classroom environment. It is a revision of literature where the author after reviewing the literature and discussing about methods and material of in-service courses, researcher’s commentary on current teachers’’ in-service programs, and discussing about reflecting scope f in-service programs and by teachers’ concerns about improvement of these programs, the researcher has proposed a model based on teachers’ concerns and problems that they face in classroom environment. Generally teaching content of in-service courses is designed by funding agency or by course instructors and they generally taught content relating to teaching methodology or explaining some concepts of new curriculum. They ignore teachers’ classroom related problems like students learning and behavioural problems. Therefore, the author developed model has implications for designing of in-service courses of secondary level teachers.

The role of the Internet is increasing and many technical, commercial and business transactions are conducted by a multitude of users that use a set of specialized / sophisticated network applications. Today we face threats of the network which cause enormous damage to the community day by day to the Internet. In this context, the task of network monitoring and surveillance is of utmost relevance and honeypots are promising tools for information and understanding of "areas of interest" of the attackers, and the possible relationship between blackhat teams. In this situation, people are increasingly trying to prevent their network security using traditional mechanisms, including firewalls, Intrusion Detection System, etc. Among them honeypot is a versatile tool for a practitioner security, of course, they are tools that are intended to be attacked or interacted with other information about the attackers, their motives and tools. In this paper, we describe a comparative analysis of various IDS and their usefulness on various aspects. Two major categories of HoneyPot viz. low interaction honeypot and high-interaction honeypot have also been discussed in detail. In this paper, low-interaction honeypot is used as a traffic filter. Activities such as port scanning can be effectively detected by the weak interaction honeypot and stop there. Traffic that cannot be processed by the weak interaction honeypot is delivered over high-interaction honeypot. In this case, the weak interaction honeypot is used as a proxy for high-interaction honeypot then offer optimal realism.

As the variety of applications increases so does the complexity of delivering and managing those applications also increases, many organizations tried to manage that complexity by standardizing on a fixed portfolio of applications in a locked-down configuration. This approach reduces the IT labour costs, but the restrictions involved lead to a frustrating user experience and constraints on flexibility and business agility. Thus This paper presents a better solution that would enable IT to deliver and manage applications at reduced cost while enabling flexibility and agility. Here the concept of application virtualization which is a part of virtualization and how application virtualization is used by cloud computing to deliver application with fast speed, reliability and flexibility shall be discussed.

A descriptive survey was conducted on an ergonomics assessment of passenger seats of minibus around Mekelle city, Ethiopia (Africa). The basic research questions which answered by this study are (i) to what extent the locally manufactured passenger seats of minibuses are comfortable to the passengers around Mekelle city? (ii) is there significant difference between the dimensions of locally manufactured passenger seats of minibus and the body dimensions of passengers around Mekelle city? (iii) are the passengers around Mekelle city aware of the comfort of passenger seats of minibus?. One hundred forty four passengers with ages ranging from 18 years to 63 years in the subjective evaluation and another one hundred forty four passengers with ages ranging from 18 years to 60 years in the objective evaluation participated in the study. In the subjective evaluation, passengers were asked to evaluate the dimensions and comfort of seats of minibus. Six anthropometric dimensions from one hundred forty four passengers and the dimensions of the locally fabricated seats in thirty minibuses were measured for the objective evaluation. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, fifth, fiftieth and ninety fifth percentiles for the seat dimensions and passengers’ body dimensions were calculated using Excel Microsoft Package. Moreover, the data obtained from the passenger’s body dimensions was compared with the relevant dimensions of the seats using independent samples t-test (2-tailed) and chi-square test at 95 percent level of confidence. The results showed a degree of mismatch between the passengers’ body dimensions and the seat dimensions. This may be an indication that the dimensions of locally manufactured passenger seats of minibus and passengers’ anthropometric dimensions are at variant. It was thus concluded that the anthropometric dimensions of the passengers were not employed in the design and manufacturing of t

Incidence of rice hispa (RH), Dicladispa armigera population in paddy crop (Oryza sativa L.) field was assessed by sweep net estimation during four consecutive crop seasons (2005-2008) at Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal. The RH population was initiated at about 29 standard meteorological weeks (SMW), improved at first slowly up to 27 SMW then steadily up to 35 SMW attaining the maximum at about 36 SMW which was maintained up to about 38 SMW. The population then subsumed at first slowly up to 40 SMW then abruptly. After 43 SMW insignificant number of RH population was detected. Abiotic conditions such as maximum temperature, temperature gradient, maximum relative humidity, humidity gradient and average relative humidity had significant positive influence on D. armigera population. An insignificantly positive relation was also found with the average temperature. In case of minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity, sunshine hours and heavy rainfall, a negative influence on population development was observed.

Actually nanotechnology is a very broad area of study and research at present. It has been developed by many researchers and includes several fields of study like physics, chemistry, biology, material science, engineering and computer science. In this paper, we explore the development and advancement of nanotechnology which provides ample opportunity to develop a smaller, faster and reliable computer. In this paper, we are mainly concerned with top down approach and bottom up fabrication approach of nanotechnology that directly affects modern computer design and architecture.

This study sets out to assess the capability of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Transport Data Integration for Economic development in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study entails an analysis of transport data need and an assessment of their relevance in economic planning. This need is set against the background of large body of data involved in transportation planning and management. The Methodology entails some processes such as data integration, data standardization and spatial referencing and interfacing. The study shows the importance of referencing of socio-economic data and location referencing in economic planning to assist in economic development. Arc GIS programme is employed for integrating data such as demand data i.e. demographic data, land use data, economic data and travel, supply data such as road networks and related facilities.