Ad-hoc networks are basically self organizing and self configuring multi-hop mobile wireless network in which the information packets are transmitted in a store and forward manner from a source to an arbitrary destination via intermediate nodes. The main objective of this paper is to performance evaluation of AODV (Ad-hoc on demand distance vector) and DSDV (Destination sequence distance vector) routing protocols on the basis of different performance metrics. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of two well known routing protocols AODV, DSDV by using three performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and Routing overheads. The Performance evaluation has been done by using simulation tool NS2 (Network Simulator) which is the main simulator.

In this article, we discuss certain class of generalized functions for sine and cosine transforms. we, also obtain a new relationship between Fourier sine transform (Fourier cosine transform) and wavelet transform. Other related theorems are also established in concern.

Potato flakes are some of the most important form of dehydrated potato products that can be used in different ways including substitution for fresh mashed potatoes. Unlike French fries and crisps whose consumption patterns and diversity is well established, little or no information can be obtained on flakes in Kenya. This study was, therefore designed to assess the diversity and characteristics of potato flakes in Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya. Potato flakes diversity and characteristics were determined through a structured questionnaire administered to attendants in 148 retail outlets followed by sampling and laboratory analysis of the available brands. Out of the 148 supermarkets surveyed, only 3.4% stocked potato flakes. There were only 2 brands of flakes, one imported and local brand. The sales were reportedly low due to the high cost (55%) of the products, lack of public awareness of the product (35%) and inadequate supply (15%). The oil and moisture contents of potato flakes from supermarkets in Nairobi and Nakuru significantly (P<0.05) differed between the brands being generally lower in the imported brand compared to local brand, it ranged from 0.13% to 0.32%. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in levels of sodium chloride with the maximum recorded being 2.11% in imported flakes. The moisture content ranged from 8.52% to 10.51% in local flakes and imported flakes brands, respectively. The sale of potato flakes can, however, be increased if the processors produced smaller unit weight packages that are more affordable and create awareness to the general public consumer.

Study of noise pollution during pre-carnival, carnival and post-carnival periods in Calabar Municipality has shown that the municipality is always highly polluted with noise from vehicles, facilities of transportation, drumming, trumpeting, shouts, knock-outs, firecrackers etc. during the carnival festival. Noise levels as high as 77.4 to 102.2 dB(A) which far exceed the 60 to 65dB(A) permissible out-door level have been recorded. Average noise levels of 94.9 dB(A) in the morning, 84.0 dB(A) in the afternoon and 96.1 dB(A) in the evening were obtained during the carnival period while 80.8, 75.9 and 83.1dB(A) , 80.7, 75.7 and 82.1dB(A) were average levels for morning, afternoon and evening of pre and post carnivals respectively. The lowest noise levels were in the afternoons when comparing these three investigating periods, 70.7 dB(A) at site 6 in pre-carnival, 77.4 dB(A) at site 10 in carnival and 70.5 dB(A) at site 6 at post-carnival and the number of vehicular and other human activities during the day time reduce tremendously. The citizenry who are made up of the youth, middle aged and the old stand the risk of endangering their health physically, psychologically or socially due to noise generated during this festival. The organisers of this festival are therefore advised not to look at the merriment and income generation aspect of this festival only but should also consider the damaging effect of noise on the well being of the people which includes temporary or permanent hearing loss. Alternative ways of organising the festival without excessive noise in the municipality should be sought for.

This study was carried out to investigate the levels of aflatoxins in some agricultural commodities sold at Baboko market in Ilorin. The agricultural commodities were grains, root and tuber products, onions, cray-fish and stock-fish. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in grains ranged between 2.57±0.61 in wheat and 21.72±2.92 ppb in sorghum, while AFB2 ranged between 0.46±0.23 and 6.66±2.11 ppb in all the samples investigated. Varying levels of AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected in grain samples. AFB1concentrations in root and tuber were: 5.66±1.69 ppb in yam chips and 4.20±0.90 ppb in cassava chips, whereas AFB2 was observed to be 2.97±1.69 and 1.58±0.30 ppb respectively. AFG1 concentration in yam chips was 3.52±0.24 ppb while that of cassava chips was 4.80±0.31ppb. Cumulative higher levels of aflatoxins B were observed for onion samples when compared to aflatoxin G. It was generally observed that stock-fish had higher levels of aflatoxins when compared to cray-fish with exception of AFG2 in cray-fish which was higher than that of stock-fish.

Recent approach to complexity theory (Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion & Bill McKelve, 2007) of leadership attempt to move toward “a new understanding of what leadership is, in a post-industrial school of leadership” by developing a model of leadership based in complexity science in bureaucratic forms of organizing (Mary Uhl-Bien, Russ Marion, 2009). This study has tried to drop the old paradigm of “Reductionist Thinking” to reach to a holistic view and model which can be offered by Complexity Theory and consequently succeeded here to offer: 1. A broad solution which is embedded in Complexity science. 2. General Model of Leadership as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) 3. Understand and Explain how attractors affects CAS of leadership 4. Look at Leaders Brain instead of Behavior 5. An start to Complex Plane (called here also phase space) of the complex function to simulate emerged system of Leadership.

The present paper is devoted to establish a general Mathematica module to determine if a function is homology invariant or not. The module is described through its basic points, propose, input, output and computational steps. Applications of the module are also given.

In this paper, computational algorithm for gravity turn maneuver is established for variable thrust-to- weight ratio. The applications of the algorithm was illustrated graphically.

The present work aims at study of antileishmanial activity of some 6, 8-dichloro-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives. The synthesized chromenes have been screened for antileishmanial activity on L. major parasite. The results were promising and showed that all compounds under investigation have some degree of activity against leishmania L. major parasite and compound 5 showed potential activity with IC50 value 0.58± 0.09 μg/ml, comparatively with the standard drug Amphotericin B.

This paper is an attempt in order to present some variance of input-output expansion. The System of National Accounts with version 1968 and 1993 recommended on social accounting matrix, but until now some countries compiled SAM from supply and use tables and some other countries compiled SAM from input-output system. SAM seems to apply for CGE model but it is not meaning in SAM multipliers analysis. The parallel with ideas of social accounting system developed by Stone (1961), Pyatt and Roe (1977) is demographic-economic modeling was knew by Miyazawa’s concept. These ideas developed in order to describe the interrelation between income from production, income from redistribution, consumption, accumulation, it like as “no start and no the end” in Buddha theory.