In this paper, we used an image with a gray scale (256 bits) and bmp type. An image can be converted into binary file by using one of filters (Sober, Prewitt, and Robert) to find edges of the original image. Then we input the watermark to prove the authentic and password that used as a key for ciphering the information. This information will embed by using the Vigenere system that will store the cipher information in the edge of the image. As a result invisible watermark is not noticeable to viewer and without any degrade the quality of the content. The product invisible watermark is robust against distortions processes and resistant to intentional tampering solely intended to remove the watermark. Only the person who know the password and watermark and the cipher system, can read the information, we use a visual basic 6.0 program to implement this work.

Hydro-distilled volatile oils of leaves and seeds of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) were investigated for chemical constituents and brine shrimp lethality activity. The essential oil of the leaves of O. gratissimum consisted of γ- terpinene (52.86%), Z-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy anisole (13.93%), caryophyllene (10.37%) and p-cymenene (7.16%) as the major compounds while the essential oils of the seeds yielded α- pinene (48.19%), caryophyllene (10.71%), and 3-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole (11.14%) as the major compounds. The volatile oils showed significant toxicity against brine shrimps, Artemia salina, as 100% mortality was recorded at 1000 ppm for the different essential oils.

It is common parlance that a cordial relationship ought to be fostered and maintained by both government and the citizenry on one hand, and landlords and tenants on the other. The study examined the issues involved in service of notice by government agencies and landlords to land owners in the case of compulsory acquisition and tenants. The study employed the use of simple statistical percentages to analyse 800 questionnaires from Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) and 95 questionnaires from both Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) and Federal Ministry of Lands and Surveys. Authority (FCDA) and Federal Ministry of Lands and Surveys. The study unveiled a notorious fact that the Nation is full of unsatisfied citizens and often experiences lack of peace especially with regard to public land acquisition. It was also found that the problem associated with this exercise by Government is the improper service of notice on most occasions.

The global warming increasing daily and showing serious impact on earth environment due to Carbon dioxide (CO2) content in the atmosphere, and many other human activities. And it is very important to measure and analyse the concentration of Carbon dioxide before it became dangerous to humankind. In the present paper an optical signal is used to measure the level of Carbon dioxide in open space and in food Industry. So that, the engineers can take appropriate verdicts in advance before it become too late. CO2 also plays vital role as output of industrial gas, helps in production of chemicals and also in preparation of food and food packaging. The ability to quantify gas concentrations with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and rapid response by means of direct laser absorption spectroscopy is important.

The levels of selected heavy metals; Cadmium, Lead and Iron in the hand dug wells of Ilaro town was critically assessed at strategic points of the area to determine the level of pollution caused by anthropogenic activity within the town using different physical and chemical processes. The Mean ± S.D of the results obtained are; Cadmium 0.017±0.016 mg/l; Lead 0.229±0.061 mg/l; Iron 1.076±2.393 mg/l. All the parameters were higher than the standards that were specified for drinking water by WHO. Consequently, the well water in the study location is not suit for drinking.

The ability of maize cobs as a biosorbent of Manganese Cadmium and lead in aqueous solution was studied. The effect of contact time, ionic strength, kinetic of sorption mechanism and the adsorbate concentrations on sorption of Mn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ heavy metals were examined. The kinetic of the sorption mechanism of Mn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was evaluated using pseudo-first order (Lagergren) rate and the second order (Ho-model) rate. The results indicate that pseudo-second order model provides a more appropriate description of the metals ions sorption in maize cobs. The adsorption capacities per unit gram of the adsorbent at equilibrium time, neutral pH, 200rpm, and 250C temperature are 5.34 to 37.42 mg kg-1for Mn2+, 2.50 to 19.79 mg kg-1 for Cd2+ and 0.32 to 4.75 for Pb2+ under10 to50 mg kg-1 initial metal concentration. Sorption equilibrium isotherm was determined and correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich model. It was found that the Freudlich adsorption model best fitted the isotherm data. It is concluded that maize cobs can be use as an effective adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution

Cluster computing systems have recently generated enormous interest for providing easily scalable and cost-effective parallel computing solution for processing large-scale applications. Various adaptive space-sharing scheduling algorithms have been proposed to improve the performance of dedicated and homogeneous clusters. But commodity clusters are naturally non-dedicated and tend to be heterogeneous over the time as cluster hardware is usually upgraded and new fast machines are also added to improve cluster performance. The existing adaptive policies for dedicated homogeneous and heterogeneous parallel systems are not suitable for such conditions. Most of the existing adaptive policies assume a priori knowledge of certain job characteristics to take scheduling decisions. However such information is not readily available without incurring great cost. This paper fills these gaps by designing robust and effective space-sharing scheduling algorithm for non-dedicated heterogeneous cluster systems, assuming no job characteristics to reduce mean job response time. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm provide substantial improvement over existing algorithms at moderate to high system utilizations.

The current credit crisis and the transatlantic mortgage financial turmoil have questioned the effectiveness of bank consolidation programme as a remedy for financial stability and monetary policy in correcting the defects in the financial sector for sustainable development. Many banks consolidation had taken place in Europe, America and Asia in the last two decades without any solutions in sight to bank failures and crisis. The study attempts to examine the performances of banks and macro-economic performance in Nigeria based on the interest rate policies of the banks. The study analyses published audited accounts of twenty (20) out of twenty-five (25) banks that emerged from the consolidation exercise and data from the Central Banks of Nigeria (CBN). We denote year 2004 as the pre-consolidation and 2005 and 2006 as post-consolidation periods for our analysis. We notice that the interest rate policies have not improved the overall performances of banks significantly and also have contributed marginally to the growth of the economy for sustainable development.

Effective Micro-organism (EM) is a product characterized by a mix of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and reported to have successfully be used for increasing productivity in integrated animal units and poultry farms in many countries including South Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of EM on the production performance of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicks. A total of 348 RIR day old chicks were randomly divided into twelve groups of 29 chicks each and each group was housed in separate individual pen thoroughly cleaned and prepared in advance. Finally 4 treatments containing 0, 4, 8 and 12 ml of EM/litre of drinking water were randomly assigned to the experimental chicks in completely randomized design with 3 replicates for study period of 12 weeks. Feed consumption, chick growth, feed conversion efficiency and survival rate were used as evaluation parameters. The results showed that there was no significant difference between all the treatment groups (P>0.05) in mean weekly feed consumption though the groups placed on the treatment containing 0 ml/liter of water tended to consume more. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between all the treatment groups in growth performance during the first 4 week of brooding. However, the mean survival rate (90%) and mean weakly body weight gain to an age of 8 weeks were significantly higher for the groups assigned to the treatment containing 12 ml of EM/liter of drinking water (P<0.05) as compared to the others. The groups placed on the treatments containing 4-12 ml of EM/liter of drinking water showed significantly (P<0.05) higher feed conversion efficiency than the groups assigned to the negative control treatment. In summary the result of this study clearly showed that inclusion of 4-12ml of EM/liter of drinking water resulted in significant improvement in growth performance, feed conversion efficiency and health status during the brooding period of RIR chicks. Investigating into the feasi

In recent discussions on poverty in the developing world, particularly Africa, historically and politically, high economic growth rates have been acknowledged, both in globally and notably in Africa. Yet, experientially, economic growth and reforms have not translated into reducing the scourge of poverty suffered by nations in the global South. At the international level, regular revision of poverty reduction programmes with the intention of proffering imported solutions to African nations, without adequate acknowledgement of indigenous development paradigms and framework is rife. In view of the foregoing, this paper examines the paradox of crushing poverty in the midst of plenty and the vagary of importing solutions coupled with the intellectual aridity that has become endemic among present day academia, culminating in the absence of creative indigenous development thinking with pragmatic solutions in Africa.