Non-inclusive definition of terms can lead to a myopic understanding of concepts. Many definitions of “Disadvantaged User Groups” were reviewed from which an expansive and an all inclusive definition of the term, in the light of literature reviewed and intuition, was arrived at. Definitive, clearer and more accommodative definition is proffered. A disadvantaged group would be people who are physically, mentally, socially, politically, economically, racially, culturally, religiously, and environmentally deprived of the privileges and rights due them from the government or the civil society. The paper solicits the government, philanthropic organizations and individuals, and non-governmental institutions to adjust their conception of disadvantaged group to embrace this new definition.

The current studyanalyze the social structural dimension of Pakhtun society emphasizing on the cultural, economic, physical, religious and political factors to women’s education. A quantitative approach was adopted and the data was collected from 323 male and female respondents of eight Union Councils of District Dir lower using stratified random sampling (proportionate method) and interview schedule. The data was analyzed using SPSS and discussion was made over the collected data. The empirical results show that there exists a strong relationship between the structural impediments including, system of patriarchy, male dominance, customs and traditions, religious misinterpretation, feudalism etc and women’s education. The analysis further suggested that a comprehensive strategy including provision of education, the role of mass media, policy making in regard to women’s empowerment and religious knowledge and the role of religious leader is basic for brining equality at the educational spheres.

In this paper a high speed, low power 12-bit, analog-to-digital converter in CMOS 0.13 micron technology that makes it suitable for UWB is designed and implemented. For designing the particular ADC a bottom up hierarchical method is adopted. First according to the specification, the design of aspect ratio of the transistors used in our design is done. There were many challenges throughout the design process, including determining the matching requirements of the devices, investigating what percentage of segmentation to be used to design the whole system. For checking the functionality of the whole system a spice code is written using HSPICE by defining all blocks in the circuit as sub circuits. Then a schematic capture is done using schematic composer from virtuoso stating from bottom level to top level. Finally the layout for the complete ADC is done using Electric Layout editor. A 12-bit pipelined ADC that can operate at maximum frequency of 100 MSPS, and power consumption less than 70mW is designed and implemented.

The key motivation of this study is to examine the application of autoregressive model for forecasting and trading the BDT/USD exchange rates from July 03, 2006 to April 30, 2010 as in-sample and May 01, 2010 to July 04, 2011 as out of sample data set. AR and ARMA models are benchmarked with a naïve strategy model. The major findings of this study is that in case of in-sample data set, the ARMA model, whereas in case of out-of-sample data set, both the ARMA and AR models jointly utperform other models for forecasting the BDT/USD exchange rate respectively in the context of statistical performance measures. As per trading performance, both the ARMA and naive strategy models outperform all other models in case of in-sample data set. On the other hand, both the AR and naive strategy models do better than all other models in case of out-of-sample data sets as per trading rformance.

The set of some real rhotrices of the same dimension D ∗ was defined in [2] to be an integral domain. An example of a finite field M [R3] was given in [4] based on this definition also and on the construction of finite fields presented in [3]. It was discovered that the finite sub collection of the elements of M [R3] as contained in D∗ is not closed under rhotrix addition and hence not an integral domain. More generally, D∗ is not an integral domain as it is not closed under rhotrix addition. This problem affects the field of fractions constructed in [8]. A solution to this problem is provided in this article and the construction method of such fields is reviewed. This reviewed version gives the generalization of such construction as the n-dimensional rhotrices are used.

- In this study the Environment SA 41 m UV photometric ozone analyzer was used to determine tropospheric ozone levels. The concentrations were correlated to meteorological parameters. The daily and hourly ozone concentrations ranged between 21.07 and 50.02 ppb, and 0.08 and 96.91 respectively for Marikana; and between 4.03 and 52.04 ppb, and 6.31 and 61.76 ppb for Botsalano Game reserve. The measured hourly ozone concentrations were below the one hour ozone standard for South Africa and the World Health Organization (WHO). An ‘ozone bell’ behavior with daily diurnal peaking between 12:00 and 16:00 hours and a low from evening to early morning was observed; thus suggesting anthropogenic activities as a possible source of tropospheric ozone in Botsalano and Marikana. A negative correlation between ozone and relative humidity, and a positive correlation between ozone and temperature, and wind speed was also observed at the two study sites.

This article examines the operation and performance of African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights since 2007 when it was constituted. It takes a survey of the historical background of the Commission and considers its establishment, membership and independence in comparative perspective with the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights and former European Commission on Human Rights. It points out that taking into consideration the large size of Africa, it is crucially important that the composition of the Commissioners be enlarged. The article evaluates the functions, failures and achievements of the Commission and evaluates the impediments that hinder the Commission from effective performance of its functions since inception. It argues that while some of the obstacles can be overcome by the amendment of the Charter or adoption of Protocols to the Charter, others require political will by African leaders. The article also answers the question whether, with the establishment of the African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights and African Court of Justice and Human Rights that might replace it, the African Commission should be abolished or the Commission should be strengthened by overcoming the obstacles that hinder it from effective performance of its mandates..

Bianchi type-VI0 cosmological models of the universe filled with dark energy with constant and time-dependent equation of state parameters are investigated in general relativity. We obtain exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations using the condition that the shear scalar is proportional to the expansion scalar, which represent singular and non-singular cosmological models of the universe. The physical behavior of the models are discussed. We conclude that the universe models do not approach isotropy through the evolution of the universe.

Africa has a disturbing notoriety for violent conflicts, civil wars, strife and political instability which has earned it the appellation of ‘a continent at war against itself’. This has engendered insecurity, divided and pauperized societies. Various writers attribute this situation to the underdevelopment of Africa’s political institutions; economic backwardness, ethnic and religious pluralities. Using the Marxian paradigm, I argue that these views are diversionary and smokescreen for strong global factors that engender insecurity in modern African nations. The world today has witnessed increase in divergent and antagonistic pluralisms, which are hinged upon global convergence around ideology and faith. These in turn are mere clothings for conflicting economic interests.

The question of which comes first, - the society or the individual has been quixotic to scholars. Whether we view it from historical perspective, or from the perspective of studies in logic or even in governance, it has always been argumentative. We may liken the argument to the question of which comes first, the ‘hen or the egg’? As soon as we come into the world our society gets to work to mould and socialize us from a mere biological being into the culture of our society, thereby we become, social beings. Anthropologists (commonly) believe that primitive man is more completely moulded by his society than the civilized man. He is thus less individualistic than the civilized man. There is an element of truth in this assertion. This is because nonsophisticated traditional communities are more homogenous and they provide for more opportunities for a far smaller diversity of individual occupations and skills than the advanced modern societies (Carr E.A. 1985 : 33).