Multiple-path source routing protocols allow a data source node to distribute the total traffic among available paths. In this article, we consider the problem of jammingaware source routing in which the source node performs traffic allocation based on empirical jamming statistics at individual network nodes. We formulate this traffic allocation as a lossy network flow optimization problem using portfolio selection theory from financial statistics. We show that in multi-source networks, this centralized optimization problem can be solved using a distributed algorithm based on decomposition in network utility maximization (NUM). We demonstrate the network’s ability to estimate the impact of jamming and incorporate these estimates into the traffic allocation problem. Finally, we simulate the achievable throughput using our proposed traffic allocation method in several scenarios.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new heterocycles such as pyrimidines, 1,2,4-triazoles, 1,2,4-triazines, 1,3-thiazoles and related compounds (2-26) bearing 1,2,4-triazine moiety have been prepared from the reaction of the 3-amino-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (1) with different organic reagents under different reaction conditions. Structures of the new synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses and spectral data. Some of the synthesized products were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial agents.

In this work the design and implementation of Automatic Microcontroller-Based Controlling of Single Phase Power Factor using Capacitor Banks with Load Monitoring is performed in correspondence with the attached load to the system. The system will continuously monitors the load and how much lead or lag occurred in power factor, its type and behavior of the load enduring at that time and what consequences it produces on power factor. This paper intended an automatic controlling of power factor by using the intelligent decisiveness of microcontroller. The microcontroller estimates the power factor and then examines the similarities or differences with the referenced value. The suggested scheme in perspective of controlling the power factor has a main vantage of choosing the direct value of capacitor that is needed to mount the necessitate amount of reactive power in order to cater the current utilization by the load. The prevailed results have affirmed that the suggested scheme is able to yield a reliable output and can be furthermore pursued in practical applications.

Societies have different culture, norms, values, customs, beliefs and attitudes towards fertility. In less developed countries people find high fertility as a defensive measure which is due to the low income level and economic roles and productive contribution of children. The present study has been designed to identify the effects of socio-economic and demographic factors on fertility behaviour the universe for the present study comprised rural and urban areas of Faisalabad. A sample of 160 respondents was collected from rural and urban by using simple random method. A well designed Interview Schedule was prepared for the collection of data. Thus the collected data were analyzed by appropriate statistical techniques. It was found a majority of the respondents 99.4 percent agreed that Pakistan population is increasing, majority of the respondents 76.3 percent had viewed to create awareness for fertility behaviour and majority of the respondents 63.8 percent had no family planning centre in their area. It was concluded majority of the respondents 56.3 percent had viewed that family planning is necessary for maternal and child health.

This study was carried out to access the determinants of farmers’ participation in food market in Odeda L.G.A. of Ogun state.Simple random sampling technique was used in the selection of the respondents and a well structured question was used to gather information on the determinants of farmers’ participation in food market. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered but only 70 could be retrieved and subjected to analysis. The analytical technique includes descriptive statistics and Probit regression analysis.The result shows that the average age was 45yrs. Probit analysis shows that the major determining factors influencing farmers participation in the market were age, marital status, source of labor, farming experience, farm size, and which were significant at p≤0.05 and p≤0.01 respectively.It is therefore recommended that government should intensify efforts through the extension agents in organizing programs which will enhance farmers’ participation in market through training, disseminating market information and better utilization of farmland.

The paper describes the development of zero dimensional single zone thermodynamic model for compression ignition engine cycle simulation. Rate of heat release due to combustion is modeled with double wiebe function, takes care of premixed as well as diffusive phase of combustion. Adjustable parameters of wiebe function are obtained by fitting it to experimental mass fraction burned profile by least square method. Empirical correlations are established between adjustable parameters of wiebe function, relative air-fuel ratio and engine operating conditions. The simulation is used to analyze the engine performance fuelled with diesel, Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) and its blends. Effect of change in compression ratio on peak pressure, net heat release rate and brake thermal efficiency is analyzed and discussed. The model is validated by comparing predicted peak pressure and brake thermal efficiency with diesel and POME –diesel blends at 17.5:1 compression ratio with that of experimental results.

Given a Graph G (V, E), We Consider the problem of deciding whether G is Hamiltonian, that is- whether or Not there is a simple cycle in E spanning all vertices in V. [1] However to Verify that the given cycle is Hamiltonian by checking whether it is permutation of the vertices of V and whether each of the consecutives edges along the cycle actually exists in the Graph. This Verification Algorithm can certainly be implemented to run in O (n2) time, where n is the length of the encoding of G [2]. But to predict in Advance that the Graph has Hamiltonian Cycle or not was still Exponential before this Algorithm. This Problem is known to be NPComplete hence cannot be solved in Polynomial time in |V| unless P=NP. However till today there was no known Criterion we can apply to determine the existence Hamiltonian Circuit in General [3]. For its Exponential time We can Refer to theorems: - Vertex Cover problem is polynomially transformable to the Hamiltonian circuit Problem for Directed graphs, hence the Hamiltonian Circuit problem for Directed Graph is NP-Complete and the Hamiltonian Circuit Problem for Directed Graph is Polynomialy transformable to Hamiltonian Cycle Problem for Undirected Graph, hence the Hamiltonian Cycle Problem for undirected Graph is NP-complete [4]. Note that these derivations are based on the CNF- Satisfiability. Through this Paper we have introduced a Newer Algorithm with different approach to determine whether a given Graph is Hamiltonian or Not with all possible Paths, by applying Few Mathematical and logical Operations. This provides necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian.

Based on the series of figures of merit, we have designed the superresolution phaseonly pupil filters to control the irradiance distribution in the focal region of an optical system. The performance of these filters has been examined in terms of two point resolution by applying modified Sparrow criterion. It is observed that the presence of these pupil functions enhancing the resolution of an optical system beyond the diffraction limit.

The Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) project is located in the vicinity of Dhaka City, capital of Bangladesh, in its southeast part, which was a Flood Control Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI) project but instead of agriculture promotion this area is now converted into an urban area. To assess and quantify the impact due to urbanization in DND project area, site assessment visits, socio-economic survey (questionnaire survey), water and air quality analysis and ambient noise level measuring program were carried out. In this analysis, we consider 32 interrelated environmental factors to conduct a qualitative as well as quantitative evaluation on overall environmental quality. Impact due to selected environmental factors are evaluated and quantified based on response of survey questionnaire; water, air and noise level monitoring data and observations from site visit. Our findings in this study revealed that the overall environmental quality in DND area is highly degraded (overall value of environmental quality is found highly negative) due to the unplanned urbanization.

Background : Although renal function may be abnormal in as many as 30% of HIV -1 patients even in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, it may not be apparent at the initial stage and laboratory tests are needed to detect it. We determined the factors associated with impaired renal function in HIV infected patient initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in North-eastern Nigeria.Materials and Methods : This was a retrospective study among HIV-1 infected patients that presented at infectious diseases clinic at the university of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital(UMTH) for care between July 2008- March 2009. Data were analysed for age, gender, weight, height, WHO clinical stage, HIV-1 RNA viral load, HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody status. Estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR was calculated using the Cockcroft –Gault equation. Results : A total of 415 participants with mean age of 43.65±9.70 (95% CI; 42.77 – 44.52), were considered for this study. Out of this 182 (43.6%) were males, with a mean age of 47.43±9.00, they were older than females with mean age of 40.54±9.08 (p<0.05). A total of 61(14.7%) had an eGFR<60mL/min, with disproportionately more males (17.0%vs 12.5%) having eGFR<60mL/min than females (p<0.05). On multivariate analysis, older age ( ≥50 years), anaemia (Hb<10g/dl), abnormal BMI (<18.5 kg/m2 or >25.0 kg/m2) had significant associations with reduced GFR. Conclusion : Older age, anaemia and abnormal weight are independently associated with risk of having impaired renal function in our cohort. We therefore recommend renal function tests to HIV infected patients at commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy for effective and proper management.