Problem stastement : The digital holography technique, used in measuring the deformations of the scatterers, the process is based on subtraction of interference patterns. A first image is recorded before the deformation of the object in the RAM of a computer, a second followed after deformation. The square of the difference between the two images provides correlation fringes in real time directly observable on the monitor. Results : The interpretation of these fringes to determine the deformation. Conclusion : In this paper, we present experimental results of the variation of diffraction patterns for various displacements of paper.

Prior studies for mobile marketing have been carried out in many parts of the world but there is not any particularly for Pakistan. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the attitudes towards the flourishing phenomenon of mobile marketing in Pakistan. The research will be important for the markets and the organizations intending for mobile marketing. Pakistani youth has shown that gender and house hold income levels have no impact on the liking or disliking of the phenomena. This has been proved by the application of the Chi-Square test on the data gathered from these university students. The second significant observation is that of the impact of mobile marketing on the irritation to the consumer and the brand image that these consumers tend to develop. In first case it is shown that there is no irritation to the consumer and the second case shows that there is a negative impact on the brand image of the product/service.

The two parameters which plays important roleinMRI(magneticresonanceimaging),acquiredby various imaging modalities are Feature extraction andobjectrecognition.Theseoperationswillbecome difficult if the images are corrupted with noise. Noise in MR image is always random type of noise. This noise will change the value of amplitude and phase of each pixel inMR image. Due to this, MR image gets corrupted and we cannotmakeperfect diagnosticfor abody. Sonoise removal is essential task for perfect diagnostic. There are different approaches for noise reduction, each ofwhichhasitsownadvantagesandlimitation.MRI denoising is a difficult task task as fine details in medical image containing diagnostic information should not be removed during noise removal process. In this paper, we are representing an algorithm for MRI denoising in which weareusingiterationsandGaussianblurringfor amplitudereconstructionandimagefusion,anisotropic diffusion and FFT for phase reconstruction. We are usingthe PSNR(Peak signal to noise ration),MSE(Mean square error) and RMSE(Root mean square error) as performance matrices to measure the quality of denoised MRI. The finalresultshowsthatthismethodiseffectively removing the noise while preserving the edge and fine information in the images.

Several techniques based on the three–dimensional (3-D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) have been proposed for visual data coding. These techniques fail to provide coding coupled with quality and resolution scalability, which is a significant drawback for contextual domains, such decease diagnosis, satellite image analysis. This paper gives an overview of several state-of-the-art 3-D wavelet coders that do meet these requirements and mainly investigates various types of compression techniques those exists, and putting it all together for a conclusion on further research scope.

The accounting profession has witnessed another severe criticism in the light of the recent global economic turmoil. Many questions were raised about the role of accountants in the era of globalization. As a result, there has been a greater research interest opportunities touching the role of the accountants with a special focus in its metamorphosis spanning from the past till the present, keeping in mind the future direction of accountants in the private and public enterprises. This paper therefore seeks to explore the role of accountants, their challenges and the perception of the public toward accountants in the era of globalization.

Financial statement fraud cases misled users such as investors and creditors. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify the association between five ratios of financial reporting risks to predict fraud. Consequently, this study also investigates the impacts of fraud detection on audit fee. Thus, sample of 10 of fraudulent companies and sample of 40 non fraudulent companies are being identified to achieve the objective. Stepwise logistic regression was being employed. The results clearly indicate that changes in sales, receivables and allowance for doubtful debts have significant effect of fraud detection. However, fraud detection gives no or little impact on audit fees.

This article analyzes the indexes for nonfarm agricultural activities, which combine agricultural activities with both employment and wage. They were made with panel data of Living Measurement Standard Survey (1993, 1998, 2001 and 2005) and they were processed with econometric model as parametric technique (Binary dependent variable model). The indexes trend was explained by a combining between nonfarm and farming agricultural activities. In summary, as soon as the economic public policy makers apply preventive measure in the labour market, while the indexes for nonfarm agricultural activities are growing up. In fact, the small farmers use the first, second and third nonfarm employ as livelihood strategy for reducing the restrictive public policy. (Unemployment).

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are selfconfiguring networks of nodes connected via wireless. This kind of networks is currently one of the most important research subjects, due to the huge variety of applications (emergency, military, etc...). In MANETs, each node acts both as host and as router, thus, it must be capable of forwarding packets to other nodes. Topologies of these networks change frequenly. To solve this problem, special routing protocols for MANETs are needed because traditional routing protocols for wired networks cannot work efficiently in MANETs.

The aim of this paper is to show that the Islamic finance is more stable than the conventional finance constituting, thus, a means to reduce the impact of financial crisis. Using a VAR model for the financial indexes of France (SBF250), United States (DOW JONES), United Kingdom (FTSE100), Indonesia (JAKISLM) and Saudi Arabia (TADAWUL) covering the period (26/02/2007- 12/20/2010), we show that the effect of a shock on the American market during the period of crisis is negatively transmitted on all other markets, but with a small extent on the market using the method of Islamic financing.

The literature existing on entrepreneurship implicitly assumes that entrepreneurship and government and economic growth are positively related with each other and there is a positive correlation among them. However, few studies, whether theoretical or empirical, analyze such relation in an explicit manner. This paper aims to study the entrepreneurship notion and the barriers of entrepreneurship and mainly the role of government in enhancing entrepreneurship in the society.