In this informative age, we find many documents are available in digital forms which need classification of the text. For solving this major problem present researchers focused on machine learning techniques: a general inductive process automatically builds a classifier by learning, from a set of pre classified documents, the characteristics of the categories. The main benefit of the present approach is consisting in the manual definition of a classifier by domain experts where effectiveness, less use of expert work and straightforward portability to different domains are possible. The paper examines the main approaches to text categorization comparing the machine learning paradigm and present state of the art. Various issues pertaining to three different text similarity problems, namely, semantic, conceptual and contextual are also discussed.

This paper offers a broad retrospective on the experience of violence in international relations in Africa. It advances several evidences to explain why the history of international relations had such a chequered history of international violence Increasing rate of violence within and among nation states have led to the widening of inequality gap between the poor and the rich countries of the world such that the campaign for liberal democracy by developed societies is now used as a tool to give human face to their imperial exploitation and domination. This condition that places moral burden on the acclaimed relevance of international relations. The international conditions which confirm the difficulty of this project also underscore its necessity. The breakdown of European colonial empires and the increasing importance of the great powers to mould international affairs have resulted in an unruly world which contains a large number of small, youthful nations with little experience in self-government and less in international affairs. These nations, often poor and frequently squabbling are the scene of enormous human suffering resulting from natural causes, human incompetence, or old-fashioned greed and viciousness. The great powers themselves contribute in various ways to human anguish, not least by maintaining the threat of nuclear war. Their enormous power and wide ranging interests seem to have dulled their moral sensibility rather than the reverse. Immense resources have allowed them to ignore the thinking of others and the genuine condition of the world, as well as the real limitation of their own power- luxuries which other nations cannot afford. Any effort such as this, to explore resolution through critical content analysis and proffering the way forward underscores the necessity of this paper.

Chongming Island Is under the framework of Shanghai administration. It is an alluvial Island in the mouth ol the Yangtze River. The area is 1041 km2 and the population is about 700,000 inhabitance. An expected tunnel will combine the island to the main land in the future. The local population will increase and the island is becoming very attractive to tourists. The island could be regarded as a Peri Urban system of Shanghai neighborhood. All these turn Chongming Island into an ecological conservation project directed by Shanghai Academy Agricultural Science (SAAS) organization. The following are few ideas that can reduce the hazard of soil, water, air contamination and other environmental distur-bances. Also activities proposed to change the island agricultural features, ecological education campaign and eco-agro tourism projects.

The research in the domain of knowledge representation and reasoning has always concentrated on the methods that give a good description in the domain where they are able to be used to construct intelligent applications. Description Logics are a family of languages of knowledge representation which can be used to represent knowledge of a field of applications by clear, formal and structured means. In this paper, we give an overview of what are Description Logics and their actual applications in different fields and a brief idea of extensions of Description Logic AL, as we also introduce two operators, the operator less and operator more, which allow us to obtain a new extension of the Description Logic AL.

Purpose : This paper aims to investigate the relationship between relationship commitment and student loyalty, and the key determinants of relationship commitment in private higher education. Design/methodology/approach : A quantitative research study using questionnaire was adopted to examine the key factors affecting relationship commitment and the relationship between relationship commitment and student loyalty. 480 copies of questionnaire in Likert scales were distributed to current private higher education students in one of the largest education provider. A total of 444 valid questionnaire copies were collected which provided a response rate of approximately 92.5%. Findings : The study gives a valuable insight into how students perceive factors of relationship commitment and the relationship between relationship commitment and student loyalty. The results indicate that relationship commitment has positive and strong influence on student loyalty, and relationship benefits, relationship termination costs, and shared values have positive influence on relationship commitment. Among these three determinants, the construct of relationship benefits is found to be the most important factor affecting relationship commitment. Research limitations/implications : As the study involved students from one private higher education institution, the results cannot be generalized to the private education as a whole. Originality/value : The research successfully applied and studied marketing concepts in private higher education, which has previously not been discussed. It provides useful insight to the management of private higher education in building relationship with students and resources allocation.

In the present study, the parameters, temperature, adsorbent dose, contact time, adsorbent size and agitation speed were optimized for Methyl violet removal from aqueous medium by using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Methyl Violet from an aqueous solution of 100 mg/L were found as follows: room temperature (33 degrees C), adsorbent dose (500mg), contact time (180 min), adsorbent size (250 meshes) and agitation speed (200 rpm). Adsorption kinetic data were tested using Intraparticle diffusion model and Elovich’s equation. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption follows first order reaction. Studies revealed that the intraparticle diffusion plays an important role in the mechanism of dye adsorption.

Capital structure has attracted intense debate and scholarly attention across industries in the corporate finance literature over the past decades. Nonetheless, in the context of the banking industry, the subject has received a limited research attention. Capital structure decision is the vital one since the profitability of an enterprise is directly affected by such decision. Hence, proper care and attention need to be given while determining capital structure decision. The study investigated the impact of capital structure on profitability of ten listed Srilankan banks over the past 8 year period from 2002 to 2009.Basedon the findings of the study, there are a few key points that can be used to conclude this study. It is very important that the total debt is the determining factor of profitability in the Banking Industry of Sri Lanka. The outcomes of the study may guide banks, loan-creditors and policy planners to formulate better policy decisions as far as the capital structure is concerned. Further, the study reinforces and refines the body of knowledge relating to capital structure and profitability in Srilankan Banks.

Capital structure decision is the vital one since the profitability of an enterprise is directly affected by such decision. The successful selection and use of capital is one of the key elements of the firms’ financial strategy. Hence, proper care and attention need to be given while determining capital structure decision. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between capital structure and profitability of ten listed Srilankan banks over the past 8 year period from 2002 to 2009.The data has been analyzed by using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to find out the association between the variables. Results of the analysis show that there is a negative association between capital structure and profitability except the association between debt to equity and return on equity. Further the results suggest that 89% of total assets in the banking sector of Sri Lanka are represented by debt, confirming the fact that banks are highly geared institutions. The outcomes of the study may guide banks, loan-creditors and policy planners to formulate better policy decisions as far as the capital structure is concerned.

This piece of writing on the theme ‘Truth’ is a exercise based on philosophical, social science and literary material. The truth with different names--- existence, reality , fact, facticity attracted the attention of galaxy of established authors across disciplines. The status of truth has been attempted here discussing epistemological, linguistic, critical, constructivist, poststructuralist and postmodernist perspectives. It may be concluded that the concept of truth has still remained present in old and new volumes equally, but has lost its prominent position in theory and logical discussions. The concept moved from unifying and universal agreement to the disarrayed concept- either denial of its essentialist core, and designated post modernist anti - essentialist relativism in later year theorist. The debate now concentrates not on truth as such but on ‘about truth’. And the ‘hype-real’ simulations of the real presents before us many versions of truth detached from its existential truth at a higher order.

It is often required to compute the power consumed by an application to avoid later surprises of low battery life, or high temperature a device reaches while running the application; potentially damaging the device. There are three ways to find power consumed by a system for executing a particular application. 1) Run application on a reference board and measure the power dissipated. 2) Simulate the power consumed by the target system by running standard applications on it, but simulations can be time consuming. 3) Use heuristic formulas based on pre-analyzed simulation data. In this paper we come with some empirical formulas to calculate the power of a particular application, So that we do not need to run extensive simulations.