Circular microstrip antennas have several interesting properties that makes it attractive in wireless applications. A circular microstrip antenna is designed in order to obtain the required parameter responses from 2.7 GHz to 2.9 GHz by using IE3D software based on the method of cavity model due to simplicity and ease of analysis. The circular microstrip antenna is fed by a coaxial probe (Teflon probe) and glass epoxy is used with the specified information include the dielectric constant of substrate ( fr = 4.2), the resonant frequency (fr = 2.8 GHz) and substrate height (h=1.6mm). The circular microstrip antenna exhibits appropriate required parameters depend on the feedpoint position, size of the circular patch. A prototype of a circular microstrip antenna has been built and tested by spectrum analyzer. There is slight difference between the measured and simulated results caused by several factors that would be discussed in result part.

This study evaluates the effects of agricultural taxes changes on Sudan economy. It uses the Computable General Equilibrium model as analytical tool; with Sudan Social Accounting Matrix for year 2004 constitutes the core database. The activity and commodity accounts are disaggregated into agriculture (sesame, sorghum, cotton, wheat and other agriculture), industry and service accounts. The model results show that reduction of wheat import tariff increases wheat imports, output and export of cotton, sesame, industrial and services sectors. The overall effect of this policy is improvement of GDP, balance of trade and investment. The results reveal that reduction of production tax or value added tax for each crop would increase its domestic output and exports and reduce those of the other crops, except for sorghum. The overall effect of reducing these taxes improves the GDP and private consumption despite the mixed effect on investment and balance of trade. The study recommends reduction of taxes on agriculture and increasing direct taxes on private companies to compensate government revenue loss.

Traditional decision tree classifiers work with the data whose values are known and precise. We can also extend those classifiers to handle data with uncertain information. Value uncertainty arises in many applications during the data collection process. Example sources of uncertainty measurement/quantization errors, data staleness, and multiple repeated measurements. Rather than abstracting uncertain data by statistical derivatives, such as mean and median, the accuracy of a decision tree classifier can be improved much if the complete information of a data item is used by utilizing the Probability Density Function (PDF). In particular, an attribute value can be modelled as a range of possible values, associated with a PDF. The PDF function has only addressed simple queries such as range and nearestneighbour queries. Queries that join multiple relations have not been addressed with PDF. Despite the significance of joins in databases, we address join queries over uncertain data. We propose semantics for the join operation, define probabilistic operators over uncertain data, and propose join algorithms that provide efficient execution of probabilistic joins especially threshold. In which we avoid the semantic complexities that deals with uncertain data. For this class of joins we develop three sets of optimization techniques: item-level, page-level, and index-level pruning. We will compare the performance of these techniques experimentally.

The importance of innovation in organizations´ competitiveness is an undeniable fact. Innovations reflect a critical way in which organizations respond to either technological or market challenges. Small and Medium sized enterprises (SMEs) constitute 94 % of Iranian firms. According to Iran statistic website the value added of 94 % of Iranian firms is just about 10 % of the whole value added in country. This study assumes the lag of innovation is the reason of uncompetitive nature of Sistan & Baluchestan SMEs. This paper reports on the results of a study that examined barriers to firms’ innovation among a sample of 86 managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Sistan & Baluchestan. Findings of the study show that the most significant barriers are associated with costs, whereas the least significant are associated with lag of information. The survey results show that Sistan & Baluchestan SMSs are not collaborating with universities and higher education institutions; they do not see university as a main source of information. Then it is not a surprising point that 29.0 % unemployment rate is reported in 2009 however 50 % of studied SMEs reported lack of skilled labour as a barrier to innovation.

This study examines the social networks, information processing and identification of entrepreneurial opportunities in small and medium businesses is allocated. The adjustment of the producer, personal efficacy, the power of entrepreneurship on the relationship between the processor and the coefficient of social networks, information processing and identification entrepreneurial opportunities have been evaluated. In this study, social networks based on previous research, including informal networks, mentors and advisors, family members and close friends and professional associations are. Information necessary to perform this study, 100 questionnaires from owners of small businesses and medium were collected and were analyzed. To check the validity of the questionnaire method Cronbach alpha coefficient alpha, which was equivalent Asfadh (72.6 %) is. Results show that the three sources of social information and informal networks (0.689) , teachers (0.649) and professional communities (0.578) on identifying entrepreneurial opportunities have a positive impact. Also, three personal efficacy variable, processor power and the coefficient information on the relationship between entrepreneurship and social networks to identify opportunities that impact. Impact on the efficacy of this negative relationship ( - 0.25), power data processor (0.29) and coefficient of Entrepreneurship (0.54) is. The results of path analysis techniques, the effect produced three variables adjusted personal efficacy, power, processor and information on the coefficient related entrepreneurship and social networks to identify opportunities, through the variable "participation in the professional community" and the relationship between informal networks and trainers (consultants) has no effect on the identified opportunities.

The development of non-bank financial institution as a financial intermediary complementary to commercial bank is noticeable not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, and Bangladesh is in no exception. Started in 1981, the size of the non-banking sector has been increased in both absolute and relative terms. However, the research on the sector remains substantially insignificant. Most importantly, analysis of the market structure of the nonbanking industry has been a lacking in the available existing literature. Keeping this in mind, this paper aims at addressing the market structure of the sector and its change over time by adopting concentration and competition measures based on asset and loan figures with a sample period of 14 years from 1997-2010. The findings report a highly concentrated market in 1997 and over the years there has been a considerable reduction in concentration, which means an increase of competition during the sample period.

One of the efficient and most popular technique for designing sharp 1-D linear phase FIR filters is the Frequency Response Masking (FRM) approach. It is an effective method for the design of high speed , low power, sharp FIR digital filters with a small number of non-zero coefficients. Very recently, a modified McClellan transformation(T1 and T2) is proposed (Jie- Cherng Liu and Yang-Lung Tai, 2011) for converting 1-D linear phase FIR digital filter to 2-D digital filter, in which the transformation is completely multiplierless. So the resulting 2-D filter contains the same number of multipliers as the 1-D digital filter. In this paper, our aim is to design a 2-D linear phase FIR filter which is completely multiplierless , by designing a multiplier free 1-D linear phase FRM FIR filter and using multiplierless transformation.

The affective domain is the main focus of social studies as a subject. This should be reflected in the teaching and assessment of social studies. It would appear that, there is a cognitive orientation to the teaching and evaluation of the subject among social studies teachers in Junior Secondary Schools in Ogun State. this paper sets out to find, if social studies teachers generally evaluate the affective domain to an acceptable level and the proportion of teachers who meet the acceptable level of evaluation as specified by the study. The population of the study was made up one hundred and forty three social studies teachers out of which eighty-four (84) teachers were finally randomly selected for the study. Ten public secondary schools were randomly selected for the study. Two hypotheses were generated for the study. Based on the findings, it was recommended among other things that all stake-holders in Education should place more emphasis on the affective evaluation of social studies.

In Wireless 802.11 networks, Multiple-path source routing allows data source node to distribute the total traffic among the possible available paths. However, in this case jamming effects were not considered. Recent work has presented jamming mitigation scheme, anti-jamming Reinforcement System on 802.11 networks by assessing physical-layer functions such as rate adaptation and power control. Rate adaptation algorithms significantly degrade network performance. Appropriate tuning of carrier sensing threshold allows transmitter to send packets even on jam that enable receiver to capture desired signal. Efficient schedules need to be investigated for redundant transmission to perform well in presence of jammer. In this paper, the proposal in our work presents an Efficient Time and Transmission Schedule Scheme for wireless 802.11 networks in presence of jamming that guarantee low waiting time and low staleness of data. Schedules are optimal even jamming signal has energy limitations. Each packet is encoded by an errorcorrecting code (Reed-Solomon). Reed solomon code allow schedule to minimize waiting time of the clients and staleness of the received data. Jammers have restrictions on length of jamming pulses and length of intervals between subsequent jamming pulses.

The research study investigated the performance of eight Diversified Portfolio ETFs relative to market. For the purpose of evaluation four moments i.e. mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis were examined and thereafter the yearly as well as overall three yearly Sharpe and Treynor ratios of the Diversified Portfolio ETFs and S&P 500 index were compared. Regression analysis was also done to study the relationship of Diversified Portfolio ETFs with the S&P 500 index and also to calculate the coefficient of determination. The Study also used Asset allocation optimization model to maximize the Return to risk ratio of Diversified Portfolio ETFs. The study depicted that none of the Diversified Portfolio ETFs had higher three year average returns than that of the market index. The Three yearly Sharpe and Treynor ratios also indicated that only few ETFs outperformed the market. It was seen that the coefficient of determination was high when ETFs were regressed with the S&P 500 index which indicated that the maximum variation in the movement of ETFs was accounted for by the market and the ETFs were highly correlated with the S&P 500 during the last three years. The results also implied that if the investors want to invest in Diversified Portfolio ETFs then return to risk ratio will be maximized when he has invested the majority of his investments in iShares S&P Moderate Allocation fund and S&P Conservative Allocation Profile in last three years.