In this paper, our work is devoted to systematic study of actions theories by using a logical formalism based on a first order language increased by operators whose main is to facilitate the representation of causal and temporal relationships between actions and their effects as well as causal and temporal relationships between actions and events. In Allen and Mc-Dermott’ formalisms, we notice that notions of past, present and future do not appear in the predicate Ecause. How to affirm that effects don’t precede causes? To use the concept of temporality without limiting themselves to intervals, we enrich our language by an operator defined on time-elements Our formalism avoids an ambiguity like: effect precedes cause. The originality of this work lies in proposal for a formalism based on equivalence classes. We also defined an operator who allows us to represent the evolutions of the universe for various futures and pasts. These operators allow to represent the types of reasoning which are prediction, explanation and planning. we propose a new ontology for causal and temporal representation of actions/events. The ontology used in our formalism consists of facts, events, process, causality, action and planning.

A small WSN is a collection of micro-sensors. Sensors send or receive data to a sink node, which collect and processes it. The Tree-Routing (TR) protocol was initially designed for such network. TR uses strict parent-child links for data forwarding. Hence, it saves bandwidth and energy by preventing network from flooding path search messages. For a large network TR shows large hop-count and more energy consumption. The Enhanced-Tree-Routing (ETR) protocol implemented over TR has structured node address assignment scheme. It considers other one-hop neighbor links, along with parent-child links, for packet forwarding if, it is found to be the shortest path to sink. Such decision in ETR involves minimum computation energy. Instead ETR, the emerging demand for data intensive and energy–efficient applications, needs new or improved routing protocols. In this paper we have proposed Non-Blocking-Orthogonal-Vector Spreading- Factor-Time-Multiplexing (NOVSF-TM) technique for sensor node addressing and Mobile Sinks placement so as to improve ETR protocol. The addressing scheme of NOVSF TM is shorter than ETR. Mobile Sinks positioning, at feasible sites, helps reducing excessive hop-count. This eliminate excessive multi-hoping and save energy. Simulation result shows that NOVSFTM technique is more energy-efficient than ETR protocol.

This paper explains the project which is a special kind of circular LED display. With the help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that anyone having a little electronics knowledge can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be implemented through software. First of its kind, made using the 20-pin 8051 series microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing. This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format. Made from scrap it can be used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear display. This display consists of just 7 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display. For building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and LEDs. This display can show the messages, which will require a whopping 525 LEDs. So hardware and cost minimization is achieved.

Human development paradigm is one of the emerging development models which is widely accepted all over the world. This paper tries to shed light on the methodology applied by Nepal for calculating GDI and GEM and it also focuses on the trend and pattern of GDI and GEM in Nepal. The primary objective of this study is to examine the change in pattern of GDI and GEM of Nepal over the last 10 years from 1996 to 2006. This study is based on the secondary source of information collected from the Nepal Human Development Reports (NHDR) 1998 to 2009A.D. The study indicates that desegregation of GDI and GEM at sub national levels has enormous differences in terms of human development especially from gender perspective. The level of both, GDI and GEM has increased over the time (the value of GDI has improved from 0.267 in 1996 to 0.499 in 2006. Likewise, the value of GEM has also increased form 0.191 in 1996 to 0.496 in 2006) but still it has not reached in satisfactory level, particularly while comparing the status of these two indicators in development regions , there is wide gap. This study can be effective for policy intervention and further planning for women empowerment.

For a very long time, Nigeria scholars in various fields of endeavours have argued on the trade journalism. This issue bothers on the fact that every dicks and harry dabbles into this profession either to make ends meet, practice for political ambition or easily pick it up at the time of employment recession in Nigeria. Journalism as a profession especially in Nigeria has been hijacked by quacks or subtly put, people from other professional careers at the detriment of this noble profession. In light of this, the paper raised who is a professional journalist and how does non-professionalism affect the practice of journalism in Nigeria. Journalists in Nigeria were used as participants while survey method was used to carry out the research. Frequency distribution involving tables was used to analyse the data while the result showed that Nigeria journalists are non-professionals. So, relevant suggestions were recommended to help journalists develop a sense of professionalism among which are, that the regulatory bodies should enforce the code of ethical conduct and rid of quacks in the profession. It pushes further that proper marriage between formal education and experience along necessary training should form basis for entrance into the profession.

This paper presents an understanding of the contribution made by tourism towards poverty eradication in selected rural areas in Selangor, Malaysia. Rural homestay programmes as a viable tourism product in Malaysia is comparatively small in scale and still remains a slow growth market even though various incentives are being offered to the operators by the government to develop this market. Poverty is the root cause of many social ills such as illiteracy, crime, drug abuse and high rate of divorce. Although tourism has been adopted as a strategy for poverty eradication in Selangor, it has not been fully exploited by the rural community and those that have, are finding it difficult to sustain. This research is undertaken with the aim of putting together a model (or identifying variables) that will ensure the economic sustainability of rural homestay programmes in Selangor, Malaysia. Through factor analysis the variables of the communities’ involvement in tourism activities were identified.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the first elected prime minister of Pakistan. His initial strategy of accommodation and power sharing with the regionalists in Balochistan had a positive impact on the national politics. The regionalists started to distance themselves from secessionist tendencies. However, the policy of pacification was short-lived. The central government, instead of addressing political conflicts with consensus, resorted to undemocratic means. The process of democratization in Balochistan was disrupted and the provincial government was dissolved. The autonomists were sidelined and were dubbed as ‘anti-state elements’. The extremists, within the autonomists’ fold, were infuriated and started the armed insurgency. The central government launched an army operation to cope with insurgents. Bhutto’s regime marked a tendency towards executive despotism. Despite provincial government’s alleged defiance of federal authority, the central government could have treated them with patience and tolerance visualizing the sensitivity of the Balochistan crisis.

Poverty affects both men and women in most rural households. The study therefore examined the effects of poverty on rural household in Orire Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 120 respondents. Data were collected on socio economic characteristics, measurement of poverty and perception of poverty, using structured interview schedule. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The mean age of the respondents is 43, while majority (80.8%) of the respondents were married with an average annual income of #181,291.67. The most severe measurement of poverty is low income level (WMS = 1.58) while lack of access to good health is a major way of perceiving poverty (WMS = 4.30) among the respondents. The findings of the study also revealed that the major effect of poverty on household is low standard of living (98.3%). A significant relationship was found between age (r = .018*, p = 0.05), household size (r = .025**, p = 0.01), level of income (r = -.068**, p = 0.01) and the effects of poverty. The study therefore recommends that Government should invest more in farming especially in rural areas to increase the purchasing power of households. Also to provide finance for investment so as to increase the rural income level and thereby improving their standard of living.

This study presents findings of in-depth interviews from ‘core-informants’ from private sector organisations in Pakistan. Study identified that the impact of national cultural factors such as collectivism and high power distance have a strong influence on human resource management (HRM) practices and retaining competitive advantage at work. This study also revealed that sifarish (i.e. connection), sycophancy and nepotism are critical factors in HRM functioning. Typically organisations are hierarchically structured with unquestionable authority vested in either management or proprietor. The current investigation also found out that managerial support for sifarish or connection-based recruitment, selection and promotions practices are some of the main factors affecting to the development of HRM systems in private business sectors. Training and development practices are given little importance with absence of linkage between performance appraisal reward and promotions. The important implications for policy makers and heads of private organisations are discussed in the last section.

In today’s environment when everything is computerized, the protection and secrecy of our information from theft and misuse has become really important. Today, more than ever before, security of data is a key issue for virtually every organization. In simple terms, data security is practice of keeping data protected from corruption and unauthorized access. The focus behind data security is to ensure privacy while protecting personal or corporate data.