A digital clock has been designed at gate level and is being presented in this paper. The clock architecture consists of three major blocks SECOND,MINUTE and HOUR. The architecture is the amalgam both of synchronous and asynchronous logic. All the flip-flops at each block run synchronously. The triggering operation of a block is asynchronous in nature. It serves the design requiring lower power consumption, provides lesser noise and electromagnetic interference, lower delay and greater throughput. The clock is designed at Xilinx System Generator, synthesized with Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST) and Simulated by Vegilogger Pro 6.5.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the buying behavior of consumers in Pakistan and compare the consumers’ behavior of urban consumers and rural consumers in Pakistan. The data are collected from 600 consumers from all over the Pakistan through a structured questionnaire. SPSS 17 is used to analyze the results. To check consumer preferences while making a purchase decision we used AHP (analytic hierarchy process). We prioritize factors through AHP. This describes better results. Our findings indicate that rural consumers more focus on the functions of mobile phone and they are price conscious on the other hand urban consumers more focus on style of mobile phone and brand image of mobile phone. This paper serves as a valuable guideline for management to review their advertisement campaigns and modify their mobiles according to the needs of consumers.

The present investigation explains the homogeneity of plant life on the basis of frequency classes during 2009-2010 in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, District Karak, Pakistan. The result shows that no homogeneity in the region among the phases and seasons. The value of frequency class is high (9) of class B and low in E (1) in phases 1 during spring season. In summer class C has high value (4.75) while it is low in A. (1). The value of class A is high (14.8) in winter. In phase 2 the class B has high value during spring (9.86) and summer (7.29) while the value of class A is high (8.86) in winter. In phase 3 and 4 the class B has high value throughout all season as compare to other classes. So the equation of homogeneity will be in phase 1; A < B > C > D > E., A < B < C > D < E., A < B < C < D > E.; in phase 2; A > B < C < D < E., A > B < C < D > E., A < B < C < D > E.; In Phase 3; A > B < C < D < E., A > B < C < D > E., A > B < C < D > E. and in Phase 4 ; A > B < C < D < E., A > B < C < D < E., A > B < C < D > E. in spring, summer and winter respectively. The heterogeneity of plant life shows that the area is under heavy biotic pressure owing to consumers and soil erosion.

This research explores the performance efficiency of faculties at a Malaysian university using data envelopment analysis. The method applies a multiple of input and output variables approach in assessing performance efficiency, which is an added advantage to other approaches using simple performance ratios. Inputs like number of students, number of academic staff working and budgetary allocations and outputs like number of graduates and number of research articles published have been applied in data envelopment analysis to get the performance efficiency of a faculty in a university. Data analysis reveals that all faculties except for one, was found to be efficient when compared to the composite faculty. This research contributes significantly in evaluating each faculty’s performance in relation to a hypothetical composite faculty and ultimately contributes to the overall performance of a university in the education sector.

Estimation of computer model parameters using field data is sometimes attempted while simultaneously allowing for model bias. One paper reports that simultaneous estimation of a bias vector and a scalar calibration parameter, which results in a “calibrated computer model,” can be sensitive to assumptions made prior to data collection. Other papers show that “calibrated computer models” can lead to improved response prediction, as measured by the root mean squared prediction error (RMSE). This paper uses a simulated case study to show that the RMSE from a purely empirical prediction option (local kernel smoothing) can be smaller than the RMSE from a “calibrated computer model” option. Therefore, although we endorse “calibrated computer models,” we point out that purely empirical models can provide competitive predictions in some cases.

Hymenoptera is one of the most diverse orders of insects, including over 115,000 described species. Some are phytophagous (plant-feeding), while others are herbivorous, predatory, or even parasitic. Hymenoptera distribution is often dependent on their food supply for eg., bees pollinate flowers and require habitats with flowering plants. Hymenoptera are important to the balancing and functioning of most ecosystems on the planet. These are also one of the most beneficial insects for the human economy. Not only do bees pollinate many of our crops, but they also produce goods such as wax any honey. Parasitic wasps are often the most successful way to control pest insects as biological control agents. The present study was therefore planned to observe and document hymenopteran pollinators existing in the vicinity of Bikaner (Rajasthan) and to monitor some of their activities. Thirteen species of hymenopterans belonging to seven families were found to visit the flowers of various crops cultivated in the agro-ecosystem during the present study. Maximum floral visitors (13 spp. belonging to 7 families) were documented on marigold, followed by mustard (9 spp. belonging to 5 families), ridged gourd (7 spp. belonging to 5 families), bottle gourd (6 spp. belonging to 4 families), brinjal (4 spp. belonging to 2 families), pumpkin (3 spp. belonging to 3 families), radish (5 spp. belonging to 3 families). Most number of hymenopteran species were documented during the month of January (12) followed by December (10), February (10), November (9), September (8) and October (7).The major hymenopteran visitors observed during the present study were Apis mellifera, Scolia specifica and Xylocopa fenestreta.

In this paper author has established four q-product identities by using elementary method. These identities are new and not available in the literature of special functions.

Weeds are considered as unwanted plants. However some weeds posses valuable pharmaceutical importance. Number of researchers combined this fact with an ethnobotanical approach. The present work reports, pharmaceutically important weeds from the common fields (Sorghum, Sugarcane, Maize, Wheat, Pulse Crop and wasteland)of Mohol Tahasil of Solapur district, Maharashtra state. 21 valuable weed species were collected from different fields of Mohol Tahasil and identified for their pharmaceutical source using standard literature and herbal pharmacopoeias. Ethnomedicinal and weed survey in this area was not much explored and hence the present investigation was taken up.

There is an increasing demand for wild mammals and their parts for use in traditional medicine (TM), hence a need to document the extent of utilisation of the animals involved as a measure of the impact on biodiversity conservation.This paper examines diversity of species in trade for use in TM in Ogun State, Nigeria, the quantity of each species traded for utilisation over a period of time, and seasonal fluctuations in abundance and utilisation of species. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employed. An open-ended questionnaire was administered on vendors in selected market stalls for six consecutive markets days in each of dry and rainy seasons.The study identified thirty species traded for utilisation, 13 were listed in CITES and Nigerian Decree 11(1985). Mean sales figure per dealer in a month was 61.6 ± 6.9 and 48.1 ± 5.8 carcasses in dry and rainy seasons respectively.

A field experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the yield and yield components of newly introduced sweet potato varieties under various planting patterns with pigeonpea. Neither fertilizer nor insecticide was applied. This was done in accordance with standard practices of organic sweet potato production. The experiment was a 3 x 5 split plot set out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each component crop was planted at a population of 33,000 plants per ha-1 in both sole and intercropping systems. Planting pattern did not exert any significant effects on the fresh fodder weight and number of saleable tubers of sweet potato. Sole cropped sweet potato produced significantly higher number of branches per plant, tuber length and weight than row- and strip-intercropped treatments. Percentage reduction in saleable tuber yield of sweet potato varied from 47.07% (strip – intercropping) to 49.11% (row – intercropping). TIS 87/0087 and TIS 2532.OP.1.13 had significantly higher number of tubers per plant, fresh fodder weight, tuber length, circumference and weight than all other varietie . Intercropping reduced the pod weight and grain yield of pigeonpea. All intercrop combinations had land equivalent ratio figures above unity and land equivalent coefficient values greater than 0.25, except row - and strip - intercropped TIS 2532.OP.1.13, implying suitability of some of these sweet potato varieties for intercropping with pigeonpea in Makurdi.