This paper discusses various multicast routing protocols which are proposed in the recent past each having its own unique characteristic, with a motive of providing a complete understanding of these multicast routing protocols and present the scope of future research in this field. Further, the paper specifically discusses the current development in the development of mesh based and hybrid multicasting routing protocols. The study of this paper addresses the solution of most difficult task in Multicast routing protocols for MANETs under host mobility which causes multi-hop routing which is even more severe with bandwidth limitations. The Multicast routing plays a substantial part in MANETs.

Automated road lane detection is the crucial part of vision-based driver assistance system of intelligent vehicles. This driver assistance system reduces the road accidents, enhances safety and improves the traffic conditions. In this paper, we present an algorithm for detecting marks of road lane and road boundary with a view to the smart navigation of intelligent vehicles. Initially, it converts the RGB road scene image into gray image and employs the flood-fill algorithm to label the connected components of that gray image. Afterwards, the largest connected component which is the road region is extracted from the labeled image using maximum width and no. of pixels. Eventually, the outside region is subtracted and the marks or road lane and road boundary are extracted from connected components. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on both straight and slightly curved road scene images under different day light conditions and the presence of shadows on the roads.

Africa was called “The Dark Continent” by Europeans because little was known about it prior to European colonization. Sub-Saharan Africa region covering 48 countries refers to the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. Sub-Saharan Africa though having an agricultural base has all kinds of resources in the world in terms of vast availability of minerals, gold and diamond, crude oil and Uranium etc. like no other continent. Despite having so much resources, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to face longterm development challenges: poverty, dependence on a few primary commodities like agriculture and mining, low human capital, weak governance and non-existence of appropriate policies, low employment, low technology or processing capacity, low Investment, high cost of Finance, low empowerment of women, and climate change, non availability of cheap finance, etc. Rapid Industrialization of Sub-Saharan Africa through establishment of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) would be a signification step, addressing major challenges like distribution. Establishing Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) is not a cake-walk despite having innovative inventions and ideas. It takes more than just having an idea of establishing a startup. Planning and arrangement of scarce resources like Finance, Infrastructure, Technology, Sourcing of raw materials, Marketplaces(buyers) and organizing Sales distribution channels are the major challenges for establishment and survival of any enterprise. Majority of startups fail in their first year of inception. Many of these failures can be prevented if entrepreneurs get handholding support by an Institution having specialized Incubation programmers. An incubator’s main goal is to produce successful Micro and Small Enterprises with an array of targeted resources and services. These incubates have the potential to create jobs, develop technology for import substitution, commercialize new technologies, and strengthen local an

In recent times the problem of environmental degradation of urban areas in Nigeria has reached an unprecedented proportion. This phenomenon which is prevalent in both residential and industrial areas is caused by increased population growth, unsustainable use of resources, rapid industrialization, unemployment, income inadequacies as well as inefficient or non-existing waste management strategies. This study examines the contributions of poverty as a reflection of income inadequacies and disparity to the availability of waste disposal facilities and its role in environmental degradation in Calabar urban area. The research objectives are achieved though the identification of the disparity in household income distribution. An assessment of the quality and quantity of waste disposal facilities available to housing units is made using primary and secondary data. The findings reveal a wide pattern of disparity in household income and waste disposal facilities. It is observed that the high density residential areas of Calabar South Local Government are not well served in waste management facilities resulting in environment degradation. The medium and low density residential areas within the municipality are better served resulting in proper waste management. The opinion of residents within the urban area is that government should be solely responsible for waste management.

Despite the legislative frameworks put in place to enable the preservation of natural resources, it is discovered that conflicts undermine the sustainable conservation ofnatural resources. The paper examines the nature and intensity of conflicts within the Park while highlighting the critical causes for conflicts within the area. A total of three hundred and ninetyfive questionnaires were distributed to eight study communities and the National Park management to elicit information on the factors that account for conflicts in the park. Findings show that conflicts exist in the park owing to a number of factors which include park location and objection of the communities to the restrictions imposed on access to natural resources. These collectively manifest as threats to the communities and the park objectives. The factors accounting for this are identified to include lack of adequate employment of community members by Park management, lack of compensation by the park management to community, unemployment, closeness of park boundary to communities and the restrictions of livelihood sources of the communities. The study advocates for community enlightenment, and the adoption of participatory approaches in creating and managing the National Park.

Computer networks have experienced an explosive growth over the past few years and with that growth have come severe congestion problems. Congestion must be prevented in order to maintain good network performance. In this paper, we proposed a cluster based framework to control congestion over network using mobile agent. The cluster implementation involves the designing of a server which manages the configuring, resetting of cluster. Our framework handles - the generation of application mobile code, its distribution to appropriate client, efficient handling of results, so generated and communicated by a number of client nodes and recording of execution time of application. The client node receives and executes the mobile code that defines the distributed job submitted by server and replies the results back. We have also the analyzed the performance of the developed system emphasizing the tradeoff between communication and computation overhead. The effectiveness of proposed framework is analyzed using JDK 1.5.

As a metaphor of collective resistance to the "politically motivated assault by the majority nationalities on the economic rights of minority communities", resource control expresses the exponential challenge to the "politics of dispossession" of oil producing communities in the federation of Nigeria. The Nigerian federal system, as incisively articulated in the protest literature, embody the tyranny of the majority over hapless minority formations whose struggle for relevance constitute in generational terms a challenge to the "coercive presence" of the majority. The phenomenological exploration of this theme of hegemony in the Nigerian federalism has found multiple expressions in the works of Saro-Wiwa, Okonta and Douglas, Otite, Osaghae, Agbese and Suberu).

The effect of structure parameters on the group velocity and signal strength of a solid beam driven plasmaloaded backward wave oscillator is investigated analytically for a particular mode. The theory of approximate cubic dispersion equation as derived earlier for a solid beam driven plasmaloaded backward wave oscillator (BWO) is used for this investigation. The effect of variation of structure parameters on the temporal and spatial growth rates and group velocity result a change in the signal strength of BWO.

The emergence off the transfer pricing is the consequence off the appearance off has big and complex modern enterprise structured by centers off autonomous responsibilities. Thesis centers often make recourse to the internal transfers between the different divisions, what requires the determination off has relative price to thesis transactions that is probably the transfer pricing. The transfer pricing edge Be determined among others by several methods, those founded one the concept off costs but one the price off market ace well ace by the negotiation between the various centers off responsibilities in the organization. In splashes the multiplicity off methods, the fixing off the transfer pricing is subordinated by other determining factors off which most important are essentially the taxes and the strategy. Different the object off our research is to clarify the methods off determinations off the transfer price well one the one hand and one the other hand, the strategic and tax implications off the transfer pricing. In the goal to clarify this work well, we led year closed investigation to 32 technical Tunisian enterprises that make recourse to the off the transfer pricing.

This study focuses on factors that affect an ERP implementation in King Saud University from users’ perspective. After reviewing related literature, a theoretical model was developed and four hypotheses were articulated to look at the status of system implementation at the university. The tools that were used in the study were a questionnaire and interviews. Both were designed by the researcher and used to achieve the aim of the study. The study shows that overall success is dependent on the satisfaction levels of the users. It also finds a significant relationship between satisfaction level and challenges on implementation. Further, the study emphasizes that the top management commitment is a very important factor for implementing the system. However, the study found no significant relationships among some of the training factors and a successful implementation of the system. The study suggests some recommendations that enhance the implementation of the system in the university.