Eight contemporary trendslikely to have a major influence between 2011 and 2015 – are described. Not all of the trends will affect all of societyindeed some of the trends run counter to one another. Nevertheless, it is expected that each will affect enough people to be significant. The trends have been identified on the basis of professional judgment and crossreferenced against the prediction of others trends specialists1. Possible consequences of each these trends for design are described in the context of their wider implications for commerce, manufacturing and society as a whole.

The devastating flood occurrence and its impact on the people have been of great concern to man. Majority of people in Adamawa State live and practice farming on the wetlands which are floodplains. These yearly or seasonal flooding has effect on their social and economic lives. This study adopts Remote Sensing and Cellular Automaton Evolutionary Slope And River (CAESAR) model to determine inundation level and assess vulnerability of settlements in Adamawa State. Flood analysis for low, medium and high flow regimes showed that an average of 134 settlements are at risk. Longitudinal and cross section profiles depict the trend in which sediment loads are transported by flood and presence of boulders along the Benue channel. Sustainable measures such as review of FEPA 1999 flood combat measures, dredging of the Benue and relocation of people living near river banks were suggested for the management of flooding in Adamawa State.

Degradation of soil considered as one of the foremost vulnerability and global threats nowadays not only for agricultural production and food security, but also for the environmental challenges related to watershed protection, disaster management, bio-diversity conservation, sustainable management of natural resources and climate change, furthermore, complication in Civil engineering. In Bangladesh where arable lands are less than necessary, certainly susceptible to severe erosion due to rainfall and flood, particularly when poor agricultural methods are used or preventive measures are not taken. Implementation of Jute Geotextiles (JGT) aided by native vegetation cover was investigated intended to design a sustainable and low cost tactic at Beel Dakatia through the entire year of 2009. Prime consequences were that erosion, moisture content and runoff are likely to be considerably impacted by rainfall intensity, soil surface slope; additionally, combined presence of JGT and vegetation cover reduced rate of erosion about 95% and runoff about 70% with respect to bare plots. Hence, play noteworthy role to conserve soil and stabilize the slope as well and mitigate susceptibility to degradation.

The revolutionary decline in price and complexity of computers, laptops and mobile phonehas changed the whole statistics of internet users. Considerable decline in price of internet chargesalso has contributed to the gigantic rise up of the curve of internet users. 3G introduction in India hasact as a catalyst to the phenomena of rising the rectangular boxes in recent two or three year, so asthe index of Cyber Crime.

A robust watermark scheme for copyright protection is proposed in the present paper. The present method selects the pixel locations to insert the watermark by a new technique called fuzzy based wavelet approach. The watermark is embedded in the sorted pixel locations of fuzzy based wavelet approach by using pixel value difference method. The proposed approach overcomes the weak robustness problem of embedding the watermark in the spatia domain and also in pixel value difference method. Further the watermark extraction does not require the original image as in the case of many digital watermarking methods. The fuzzy logic approach inthe wavelet domain eliminates the requirement of repeated embedding process. The experimental results indicate the high image quality and robustness against various attacks when compared to several approaches.

Images are often corrupted by impulse noise, also known as salt and pepper noise. Salt and pepper noise can corrupt the images where the corrupted pixel takes either maximum or minimum gray level. Amongst these standard median filter has been established as reliable - method to remove the salt and pepper noise without harming the edge details. However, the major problem of standard Median Filter (MF) is that the filter is effective only at low noise densities. When the noise level is over 50% the edge details of the original image will not be preserved by standard median filter. Adaptive Median Filter (AMF) performs well at low noise densities. In our proposed method, first we apply the Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) for noise added image. It will separate into four bands like LL, LH, HL and HH. Further, we calculate the window size 3x3 for LL band image by Reading the pixels from the window, computing the minimum, maximum and median values from inside the window. Then we find out the noise and noise free pixels inside the window by applying our algorithm which replaces the noise pixels. The higher bands are smoothing by soft thresholding method. Then all the coefficients are decomposed by inverse stationary wavelet transform. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested for various levels of noise corruption and compared with standard filters namely standard median filter (SMF), weighted median filter (WMF). Our proposed method performs well in removing low to medium density impulse noise with detail preservation up to a noise density of 70% and it gives better Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean square error (MSE) values.

Human Capital has been considered as critical and crucial to women entrepreneurial development. It is argued that where womenfolk are generally disadvantaged educationally in developing countries, other variables of human capital are likely to be brought into their businesses. This paper, therefore, attempts to make a sociological survey of the human capital of women entrepreneurs in Tye and Dye business in Nigeria. To this end, three research instruments were utilized : Questionnaire, Key-Informant Interview, and Observation. The rationale for adopting the three methods was to enrich the quality of data collected. The sample size for this study was two hundred women respondents that were chosen through systematic sampling techniques. The data collected was analyzed with simple percentage and frequency distribution. Chi-Square was used to test the hypotheses. The result revealed that most women do not have adequate human capital such as: education and prior training and previous entrepreneurial experiences for the expansion of their micro-business. The hypotheses tested demonstrate that women entrepreneurs do not have adequate access to financial resources and business information for business expansion. The paper recommends that government intervention is necessary for women business expansion in Tye and Dye micro-business.

This research study analyzes the performance of one of the most important industrial sector of Pakistan’s economy i.e. energy producing companies including oil, gas, coal and electricity. The study portrays the financial data of the energy producing companies in Pakistan over the last decade. As the energy sector is one of the most significant sector of a country especially the oil prices which are determinant of worldwide currency prices, so this study is worthy in respect to many issues. The analysis of these companies will also highlight the economy of Pakistan. It shows how profit after tax of a company will change if bank charges. Owners’ equity, total assets, paid up capital and value of shares changes. On the other hand we determine how sales relate to paid up capital, no of shares, total assets and bank/financial charges.

This paper critically evaluates the Delphi Technique as a qualitative research tool and its application in an unexplored topic. The aim to select the Delphi Technique as a research tool is because of its limited use in Indian research methodologies. Researchers aimed to explore this technique and critically evaluate it because of its accuracy of getting results for the desired problems. In order to critically evaluate, assess and implement Delphi technique, researchers had undertaken an experimental study in 2010 during the outbreak of Swine Flu in India. Study was conducted in Gujarat, a coastal state situated in western India. The paper states that Delphi method recognizes human judgment as a legitimate and useful input in generating forecasts and therefore highlights that the use of experts, carefully selected, can lead to reliable and valid results. In addition, the research paper tries to overcome the weaknesses implicit in other methods such as relying on a single expert, a group average, or a round table discussion. This study will help future researchers apply the qualitative research tools in practical life and understand how useful and feasible they are in solving the issues. By using this technique, researchers could get valuable insights on what actually is the process of acquiring the license for swine flu medications and business implications for companies engaged in manufacturing of these medicines.

Studies on multiple borrowing and its effect on loan repayment among clients and sustainability of microfinance providers (MFIs) show contradicting results. Some studies indicate that multiple borrowing has a positive effect on loan repayment and sustainability of MFIs while others show that it leads to over indebtedness and consequently default on loan. Therefore, this study analysed the incidences of multiple borrowing, reasons for multiple borrowing, and effects of multiple borrowing on loan repayment at Iringa municipality in Tanzania. Results showed that prevalence of multiple borrowing at Iringa in Tanzania was very high. Over 70% of the 250 microfinance clients had at least two loans from different MFIs at the same time. In addition, about 16% had also borrowed from individual lenders. Major reasons for multiple borrowing were insufficient loans from MFIs, loan recycling, and family obligations. Over 70% of the respondents had problems in loan repayment because of multiple pending loans. We found that education level and number of dependants of the respondent significantly influenced the number of loan contracts. Recommendations are also provided.